{"format":1,"name":"Future Human Wiki corpus","about":"A reference work on longevity, gene editing, cybernetics, and the technologies changing what a human being is — with the evidence, the timelines, and the objections.","documentation":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/data","taxonomy":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/taxonomy.json","licence":{"content":"CC BY-SA 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","note":"Attribution and share-alike. Images are not included here and carry their own licences; see /credits."},"citation":"Future Human Wiki (futurehumanwiki.com). Corpus dataset, 229 articles. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://futurehumanwiki.com/corpus.json","history":{"about":"Every save writes a new revision holding the complete article, frontmatter included. Revisions are append-only: the database refuses to rewrite or delete one.","revisions":558,"imports":229,"edits":329,"articlesEdited":222,"articlesUnedited":7,"firstRevisionAt":"2026-07-28T17:44:01.747Z","latestRevisionAt":"2026-11-01T08:11:32.415Z","note":"329 of 558 revisions are edits; the other 229 are the migration that loaded this corpus.","changes":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/changes","perArticle":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/<slug>/history","revision":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/<slug>/history/<revision>","diff":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/<slug>/diff/<older>/<newer>"},"caveats":{"updated":"`updated` is an editorial claim, not a log entry: the day an editor judged this article's text to have meaningfully changed. It is set by hand, it does not move for every save, and it is a date rather than an instant. The record of what was actually saved is `history`, and the two can differ without either being wrong. 11 article(s) currently claim an `updated` date later than their newest recorded revision, which is a defect: ai-drug-discovery, exoskeleton, longevity-dividend, loyal, maximum-human-lifespan, negligible-senescence, overpopulation-and-longevity, rapamycin, robotic-avatars, sensory-augmentation.","history":"The log starts where the database does. Articles imported from the markdown corpus have a revision 1 that is the migration, so their `createdAt` is null: this wiki has no record of when they were first published, and reconstructing one would be an invented date.","outbound":"`outbound` lists only link targets that exist as articles. Targets with no article are in `wantedLinks`, and are kept rather than dropped because an unwritten link is a content signal.","counts":"`wordCount` counts the markdown source including frontmatter, so it runs slightly ahead of the prose a reader sees."},"counts":{"articles":229,"words":344223,"links":3960,"wantedTargets":0,"tags":594,"categories":13},"articles":[{"slug":"aav-vectors","title":"AAV vectors","summary":"Engineered adeno-associated viruses used to carry therapeutic genes into human cells, the workhorse of in vivo gene therapy and the source of most of its limits.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Licensed AAV products treat inherited retinal dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy and haemophilia in people; the same clinical record shows capsid immunity blocking redosing and fatal liver injury at high systemic doses.","access":"Obtainable only as specific licensed gene therapies given in specialist centres, at one-time list prices in the millions of dollars; patients with pre-existing anti-capsid antibodies are screened out.","reversibility":"context","issues":["The 2025 Duchenne liver-failure deaths and the regulatory response are stated without a source.","Manufacturing cost is described qualitatively; no sourced cost-of-goods figure is given."],"tags":["gene therapy","delivery","viral vectors","immunology","manufacturing","rare disease"],"categories":["genetics","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1239,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/aav-vectors","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/aav-vectors","outbound":["germline-editing","optogenetics","gene-doping","ai-protein-design","targeted-drug-delivery","crispr-cas9","epigenome-editing","myostatin-inhibition","base-editing","prime-editing","somatic-gene-therapy","crispr-off-target-effects","lipid-nanoparticles","casgevy","gene-therapy-for-aging"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-protein-design","altos-labs","base-editing","biohacking","casgevy","cochlear-implant","crispr-cas9","crispr-off-target-effects","dna-nanotechnology","epigenetic-reprogramming","epigenome-editing","gene-doping","gene-therapy-for-aging","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","george-church","in-vivo-car-t","jennifer-doudna","klotho","lipid-nanoparticles","myostatin-inhibition","newlimit","optogenetics","partial-reprogramming","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","prime-editing","progeria","radiation-hardening-humans","retinal-implant","sensory-augmentation","sleep-reduction","somatic-gene-therapy","tardigrade-genes","targeted-drug-delivery","technology-readiness-level","telomeres-and-telomerase","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/aav-vectors/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"accelerating-change","title":"Accelerating change","summary":"The claim that technological capability grows exponentially or faster, so that the rate of change itself increases over historical time.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The DNA sequencing cost curve is described without a source.","Fisher and Pry's substitution model is named but not cited."],"tags":["forecasting","moore's law","exponential","technology","economics","singularity"],"categories":["foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1420,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/accelerating-change","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/accelerating-change","outbound":["ray-kurzweil","artificial-general-intelligence","whole-brain-emulation","longevity-escape-velocity","polygenic-embryo-screening","epigenetic-clock","connectomics","ai-drug-discovery","tissue-engineering","medical-nanorobots","crispr-cas9","ai-protein-design","technological-singularity","singularitarianism","effective-accelerationism","differential-technological-development","technology-readiness-level","future-of-humanity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-drug-discovery","artificial-general-intelligence","differential-technological-development","future-of-humanity","human-ai-merger","intelligence-amplification","ray-kurzweil","singularitarianism","technological-singularity","technology-readiness-level","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/accelerating-change/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"access-and-inequality","title":"Access and inequality","summary":"The problem of who can obtain expensive biomedical interventions, and whether biotechnology will convert economic inequality into biological inequality.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The gene therapy list prices in the opening section are given without citations.","The 2024 CMS outcomes-based purchasing model for sickle cell is stated without a source."],"tags":["justice","pricing","policy","gene therapy","global health","equity"],"categories":["society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1730,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/access-and-inequality","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/access-and-inequality","outbound":["casgevy","somatic-gene-therapy","cochlear-implant","organ-shortage","brain-computer-interface","glp-1-receptor-agonists","lipid-nanoparticles","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","geroscience-hypothesis","metformin","exercise-and-aging","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","polygenic-embryo-screening","germline-editing","embryo-selection","in-vitro-gametogenesis","governance-of-genome-editing","longevity-dividend","genetic-discrimination","enhancement-arms-race","bioethics-of-enhancement","disability-rights-and-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-drug-discovery","alcor","artificial-heart","artificial-womb","base-editing","bioethics-of-enhancement","biohacking","biohub","blue-zones","casgevy","cochlear-implant","compression-of-morbidity","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","cortical-visual-prosthesis","crispr-cas9","cryonics","deep-brain-stimulation","designer-babies","disability-rights-and-enhancement","ectogenesis","effective-accelerationism","embryo-selection","emmanuelle-charpentier","enhancement-arms-race","exoskeleton","extropianism","face-and-hand-transplantation","future-of-humanity","gene-therapy-for-aging","genetic-discrimination","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","glp-1-receptor-agonists","governance-of-genome-editing","human-digital-twins","human-enhancement","humanity-plus","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vivo-car-t","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","julian-savulescu","lab-grown-organs","lipid-nanoparticles","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","loyal","max-more","mind-uploading","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","morphological-freedom","myoelectric-prosthetics","nanoparticle-diagnostics","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","nir-barzilai","organ-bioprinting","organ-shortage","osseointegration","overpopulation-and-longevity","parabiosis-and-young-blood","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","polygenic-embryo-screening","prime-editing","procreative-beneficence","psychedelic-therapy","quantified-self","retatrutide","retinal-implant","robotic-avatars","sleep-and-longevity","somatic-gene-therapy","targeted-drug-delivery","tissue-engineering","transhumanism","uterus-transplantation","virtual-cell-models","wearable-health-sensors","xenotransplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/access-and-inequality/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"aging-biomarkers","title":"Aging biomarkers","summary":"Measurable indicators meant to track the rate or extent of biological aging, sought as surrogate endpoints so that anti-aging trials can read out in years rather than decades.","type":"concept","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["No source for the claim that no aging biomarker has passed FDA biomarker qualification.","Proteomic and metabolomic panels are named as candidate classes without any citation."],"tags":["biomarkers","aging","clinical trials","regulation","measurement"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1290,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/aging-biomarkers","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/aging-biomarkers","outbound":["geroscience-hypothesis","metformin","hallmarks-of-aging","biological-age","epigenetic-clock","senolytics","cellular-senescence","stem-cell-exhaustion","inflammaging","exercise-and-aging","nir-barzilai","longevity-dividend","caloric-restriction","rapamycin","steve-horvath","telomeres-and-telomerase","xprize-healthspan","healthspan","compression-of-morbidity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-drug-discovery","altos-labs","alzheimers-disease","aubrey-de-grey","autophagy","biological-age","blue-zones","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","buck-institute","calico","caloric-restriction","cancer","cellular-senescence","coffee-and-aging","compression-of-morbidity","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","cynthia-kenyon","david-sinclair","dietary-supplements","dog-aging-project","epigenetic-clock","epigenetic-reprogramming","exercise-and-aging","gene-therapy-for-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","glymphatic-system","gut-microbiome","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","heat-and-cold-exposure","human-digital-twins","immunosenescence","inflammaging","interventions-testing-program","isomorphic-labs","kernel","klotho","leonard-hayflick","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","loyal","magnesium-l-threonate","maximum-human-lifespan","metformin","mitochondrial-dysfunction","nad-precursors","naked-mole-rat","nanoparticle-diagnostics","nir-barzilai","parabiosis-and-young-blood","partial-reprogramming","proteostasis","quantified-self","rapamycin","reproductive-longevity","retro-biosciences","sarcopenia","senolytics","sleep-and-longevity","space-medicine","steve-horvath","technology-readiness-level","telomeres-and-telomerase","virtual-cell-models","wearable-health-sensors","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/aging-biomarkers/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"ai-drug-discovery","title":"AI drug discovery","summary":"The use of machine learning to select drug targets, generate candidate molecules and predict failure, so far demonstrably faster at making compounds than at making medicines.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"AI-derived small molecules have reached phase 1 and 2 trials, with a first phase 3 begun in 2026; sponsors of an mRNA therapy built on algorithm-selected neoantigens report a phase 3 in melanoma met its endpoints, and no drug from either route is approved.","access":"Platforms are proprietary to pharmaceutical companies or licensed to them, and some models and datasets are public; no molecule designed this way is available outside a trial, though AI-suggested uses of approved drugs are.","reversibility":"context","issues":["Needs a citable source for the absence of any approved AI-discovered drug.","The phase 1 to approval rate is uncited; Cook 2014 supports the efficacy-failure point only.","The INTerpath-001 paragraph rests on a topline company announcement; detailed data are not yet published.","The Anthropic case results are company-reported only; no independent verification exists."],"tags":["machine learning","drug development","generative chemistry","target discovery","clinical trials","pharmacology"],"categories":["foundations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-30","wordCount":2482,"readingMinutes":11,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/ai-drug-discovery","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/ai-drug-discovery","outbound":["ai-protein-design","isomorphic-labs","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","cancer","epigenetic-clock","calico","altos-labs","cellular-senescence","senolytics","geroscience-hypothesis","aging-biomarkers","organoids","human-digital-twins","healthspan","dual-use-research","existential-risk","access-and-inequality","gene-therapy-for-aging","crispr-off-target-effects","lipid-nanoparticles","targeted-drug-delivery","technology-readiness-level","accelerating-change","artificial-general-intelligence","glp-1-receptor-agonists"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","ai-protein-design","artificial-general-intelligence","biohub","dual-use-research","human-digital-twins","isomorphic-labs","newlimit","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","senolytics","technological-singularity","virtual-cell-models"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/ai-drug-discovery/history","revisions":8,"edits":7,"currentRevision":8,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T20:10:27.711Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"ai-protein-design","title":"AI protein design","summary":"Machine-learning systems that predict what shape a protein sequence folds into and that generate new proteins with no natural counterpart.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"A computationally designed nanoparticle scaffold is a component of a COVID-19 vaccine approved for use in people in South Korea, and a designed cytokine mimic reached early-phase human trials; no de novo designed protein is approved as a therapeutic.","access":"Most prediction and design code is open source and the AlphaFold structure database is public, so the models are free to run; the gene synthesis and wet-lab testing that turn a design into a molecule are not.","reversibility":"context","issues":["Clinical-stage designed proteins need a fuller survey as trials report","Complex and antibody prediction accuracy stated qualitatively for want of a stable benchmark figure"],"tags":["machine learning","protein design","structural biology","alphafold","biosecurity","drug discovery"],"categories":["genetics","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1631,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/ai-protein-design","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/ai-protein-design","outbound":["isomorphic-labs","dna-nanotechnology","crispr-cas9","base-editing","aav-vectors","somatic-gene-therapy","epigenome-editing","newlimit","dual-use-research","synthetic-genomes","recoded-organisms","mirror-life","asilomar-conference","existential-risk","ai-drug-discovery","targeted-drug-delivery","lipid-nanoparticles","artificial-general-intelligence"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","accelerating-change","ai-drug-discovery","artificial-general-intelligence","biohub","crispr-cas9","differential-technological-development","dual-use-research","engineered-pandemics","eric-drexler","existential-risk","future-of-humanity","human-digital-twins","intelligence-amplification","isomorphic-labs","molecular-assembler","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","proteostasis","retro-biosciences","synthetic-genomes","technological-singularity","virtual-cell-models"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/ai-protein-design/history","revisions":4,"edits":3,"currentRevision":4,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"alcor","title":"Alcor Life Extension Foundation","summary":"A United States cryonics organization, founded in 1972, that preserves legally dead members at cryogenic temperatures under a trust structure meant to fund storage indefinitely.","type":"organization","status":"established","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Patient and member counts are given as approximations with no source.","The 1979 collapse of a Californian cryonics competitor is described without a source."],"tags":["cryonics","cryopreservation","nonprofit","death","trusts","vitrification"],"categories":["organizations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1377,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/alcor","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/alcor","outbound":["cryonics","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","access-and-inequality","lab-grown-organs","whole-brain-emulation","transhumanism","extropianism","fm-2030","max-more","medical-nanorobots","brain-preservation","substrate-independence","organ-shortage","connectomics","personal-identity-and-continuity","mind-uploading"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-preservation","cryonics","extropianism","fm-2030","max-more","mind-uploading","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","robert-freitas","singularitarianism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/alcor/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"altos-labs","title":"Altos Labs","summary":"A biotechnology company launched in 2022 with about three billion dollars in committed funding to develop cellular rejuvenation programming as a medicine.","type":"organization","status":"emerging","horizon":"2030s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The $3 billion figure and the investor names rest on a single 2021 news report.","The research programme section lists strands without citing the company's own publications."],"tags":["reprogramming","rejuvenation","biotech","aging","venture funding","cell biology"],"categories":["organizations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1208,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/altos-labs","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/altos-labs","outbound":["epigenetic-reprogramming","yamanaka-factors","partial-reprogramming","steve-horvath","epigenetic-clock","shinya-yamanaka","david-sinclair","biological-age","somatic-gene-therapy","aav-vectors","lipid-nanoparticles","aging-biomarkers","sens-research-foundation","methuselah-foundation","buck-institute","geroscience-hypothesis","calico","newlimit","retro-biosciences"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-drug-discovery","biohub","buck-institute","calico","cynthia-kenyon","david-sinclair","epigenetic-reprogramming","humanity-plus","isomorphic-labs","loyal","methuselah-foundation","newlimit","partial-reprogramming","retro-biosciences","sens-research-foundation","shinya-yamanaka","steve-horvath","virtual-cell-models","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/altos-labs/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"alzheimers-disease","title":"Alzheimer's disease","summary":"The neurodegenerative disease responsible for most dementia, driven above all by age, and the disease that decides whether added years of life come with a working mind.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Two anti-amyloid antibodies slowed cognitive decline by roughly a quarter to a third over 18 months in phase 3 trials; no treatment has stopped or reversed the disease in people.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Tau-directed therapeutics and non-amyloid drug programmes are mentioned only in passing."],"tags":["dementia","neurodegeneration","amyloid","tau","aging","brain","apoe"],"categories":["longevity","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1701,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/alzheimers-disease","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/alzheimers-disease","outbound":["cancer","healthspan","geroscience-hypothesis","proteostasis","hallmarks-of-aging","inflammaging","sleep-and-longevity","stem-cell-exhaustion","glymphatic-system","non-invasive-neuromodulation","he-jiankui-affair","germline-editing","gene-therapy-for-aging","glp-1-receptor-agonists","aging-biomarkers","consumer-blood-testing","exercise-and-aging","compression-of-morbidity","senolytics","parabiosis-and-young-blood","memory-prosthesis","longevity-escape-velocity","brain-preservation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-neurons","biohub","bryan-johnson","coffee-and-aging","glymphatic-system","kernel","magnesium-l-threonate","proteostasis"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/alzheimers-disease/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"anders-sandberg","title":"Anders Sandberg","summary":"Swedish computational neuroscientist and futures researcher who co-wrote the whole brain emulation roadmap and works on the physical limits of long-term civilization.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The anthropic shadow and Converging Cognitive Enhancements papers are discussed without citations."],"tags":["whole brain emulation","existential risk","forecasting","computational neuroscience","transhumanism"],"categories":["people","minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1054,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/anders-sandberg","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/anders-sandberg","outbound":["whole-brain-emulation","nick-bostrom","eric-drexler","substrate-independence","connectomics","brain-preservation","machine-consciousness","mind-uploading","human-enhancement","nootropics","existential-risk","future-of-humanity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-preservation","eric-drexler","extropianism","future-of-humanity","human-enhancement","morphological-freedom","nick-bostrom","singularitarianism","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/anders-sandberg/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"artificial-blood","title":"Artificial blood","summary":"Engineered substitutes for the oxygen-carrying function of blood, including haemoglobin carriers, perfluorocarbon emulsions and cultured red cells, none in general clinical use.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"Trials of cell-free haemoglobin carriers in people showed excess mortality and myocardial infarction across sixteen studies; the human data on cultured red cells are small tagged-volume transfusions in volunteers.","access":"No product is licensed in the United States for general transfusion; a polymerized bovine carrier is licensed in South Africa and available in the US only under expanded access, and cultured red cells exist only inside trials.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Cultured red cells are said to cost many times a donated unit, with no sourced figure.","No development-history timeline block, unlike comparable technology articles here."],"tags":["transfusion","oxygen carriers","haemoglobin","trauma","cell culture","clinical trials"],"categories":["bodies","nanomedicine"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1507,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/artificial-blood","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/artificial-blood","outbound":["organ-shortage","targeted-drug-delivery","lipid-nanoparticles","respirocytes","medical-nanorobots","casgevy","tissue-engineering","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","space-medicine","human-hibernation","lab-grown-organs","artificial-heart"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-heart","artificial-womb","decellularized-scaffolds","lab-grown-organs","medical-nanorobots","organ-bioprinting","organ-shortage","parabiosis-and-young-blood","respirocytes","robert-freitas","tissue-engineering"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/artificial-blood/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"artificial-general-intelligence","title":"Artificial general intelligence","summary":"A hypothetical artificial system matching or exceeding competent human performance across essentially all cognitive tasks rather than in narrow domains.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2024 ARC-AGI result and its harder 2025 successor set are described without a source.","The EU AI Act compute thresholds are described without citing the instrument."],"tags":["artificial intelligence","agi","forecasting","benchmarks","machine learning","risk"],"categories":["foundations","minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1590,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/artificial-general-intelligence","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/artificial-general-intelligence","outbound":["nick-bostrom","accelerating-change","ray-kurzweil","differential-technological-development","precautionary-principle","existential-risk","ai-protein-design","retro-biosciences","ai-drug-discovery","connectomics","whole-brain-emulation","neural-decoding","dual-use-research","technological-singularity","intelligence-amplification","human-ai-merger","mind-uploading","machine-consciousness","substrate-independence","posthuman","future-of-humanity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","ai-drug-discovery","ai-protein-design","artificial-neurons","differential-technological-development","dual-use-research","effective-accelerationism","eric-drexler","existential-risk","extropianism","future-of-humanity","human-ai-merger","intelligence-amplification","isomorphic-labs","machine-consciousness","moral-enhancement","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","nick-bostrom","posthuman","ray-kurzweil","singularitarianism","speech-neuroprosthesis","substrate-independence","technological-singularity","transhumanism","virtual-cell-models","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/artificial-general-intelligence/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"artificial-heart","title":"Artificial heart","summary":"Mechanical devices that take over some or all of the heart's pumping function, from routine ventricular assist pumps to total replacements used mainly as a bridge to transplant.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":8,"humanEvidence":"Randomized trials in adults with advanced heart failure show left ventricular assist devices improve survival, the magnetically levitated pump holding its advantage at five years; total artificial hearts rest on bridge-to-transplant series.","access":"Implanted in specialist cardiac surgery centres in high-income health systems; a durable assist device and its implantation run to hundreds of thousands of dollars, and total artificial hearts are used in tens of patients a year.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The 2024-2025 magnetically levitated total artificial heart is described without a source.","The French bioprosthetic device and the withdrawn competitor pump are unnamed and uncited."],"tags":["circulatory support","implants","heart failure","transplantation","medical devices","haemocompatibility"],"categories":["bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1443,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/artificial-heart","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/artificial-heart","outbound":["artificial-blood","osseointegration","neuroprosthetics","deep-brain-stimulation","organ-shortage","xenotransplantation","lab-grown-organs","tissue-engineering","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","organ-bioprinting","decellularized-scaffolds","technology-readiness-level","access-and-inequality"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-blood","artificial-womb","decellularized-scaffolds","human-digital-twins","lab-grown-organs","organ-bioprinting","organ-shortage","tissue-engineering","xenotransplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/artificial-heart/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"artificial-womb","title":"Artificial womb","summary":"A device that sustains fetal development outside a body by perfusing the umbilical circulation while the fetus remains immersed in fluid, tested so far only in animals.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"No human has been supported by a modern system and no trial has enrolled anyone; the results are from preterm lambs, and 1960s perfusion of previable human fetuses produced no survivors.","access":"Nothing to obtain: the systems exist only as research prototypes in a handful of laboratories, and no regulator has authorised a first-in-human trial.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The EVE platform and the European perinatal life support consortium are described without sources.","The 22-week viability figure in the keyfacts block carries no citation."],"tags":["reproduction","ectogenesis","prematurity","neonatology","bioethics","medical devices"],"categories":["reproduction","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1878,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/artificial-womb","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/artificial-womb","outbound":["artificial-blood","artificial-heart","technology-readiness-level","ectogenesis","uterus-transplantation","organoids","embryo-selection","synthetic-embryos","precautionary-principle","bioconservatism","procreative-beneficence","disability-rights-and-enhancement","access-and-inequality","in-vitro-gametogenesis","designer-babies","morphological-freedom","reproductive-longevity","tissue-engineering","bioethics-of-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["colossal-biosciences","de-extinction","ectogenesis","future-of-humanity","generation-ship-biology","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vitro-gametogenesis","synthetic-embryos","technology-readiness-level","uterus-transplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/artificial-womb/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"asilomar-conference","title":"Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA","summary":"The 1975 meeting at which molecular biologists lifted their own moratorium on recombinant DNA work by agreeing a system of physical and biological containment.","type":"event","status":"historical","horizon":"historical","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["governance","biosafety","recombinant dna","self-regulation","moratorium","history of science"],"categories":["genetics","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1522,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/asilomar-conference","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/asilomar-conference","outbound":["germline-editing","dual-use-research","recoded-organisms","synthetic-genomes","gene-drive","mirror-life","somatic-gene-therapy","synthetic-embryos","crispr-cas9","jennifer-doudna","biohacking","he-jiankui-affair","governance-of-genome-editing","precautionary-principle","differential-technological-development"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-protein-design","bioconservatism","crispr-cas9","differential-technological-development","dual-use-research","engineered-pandemics","gene-drive","germline-editing","governance-of-genome-editing","he-jiankui-affair","jennifer-doudna","mirror-life","precautionary-principle","synthetic-embryos","synthetic-genomes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/asilomar-conference/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"aubrey-de-grey","title":"Aubrey de Grey","summary":"British biogerontologist who proposed the SENS damage-repair framework for rejuvenation and popularized the idea of longevity escape velocity.","type":"person","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["aging","sens","biogerontology","life extension","rejuvenation","advocacy"],"categories":["people","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1209,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/aubrey-de-grey","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/aubrey-de-grey","outbound":["longevity-escape-velocity","sens-research-foundation","proteostasis","cellular-senescence","senolytics","negligible-senescence","mitochondrial-dysfunction","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","hallmarks-of-aging","maximum-human-lifespan","healthspan","rapamycin","geroscience-hypothesis","epigenetic-reprogramming","aging-biomarkers","methuselah-foundation","david-sinclair","transhumanism"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["bryan-johnson","cynthia-kenyon","david-sinclair","hallmarks-of-aging","leonard-hayflick","longevity-escape-velocity","maximum-human-lifespan","methuselah-foundation","negligible-senescence","nir-barzilai","senolytics","sens-research-foundation","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/aubrey-de-grey/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"autophagy","title":"Autophagy","summary":"The lysosomal pathway by which cells digest their own damaged components, and the process through which most known lifespan-extending interventions appear to act.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"The pathway itself is established in human cells, but autophagic flux cannot be measured in a living person, and every lifespan result comes from yeast, worms, flies and mice.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The spermidine claims in the human-data paragraph carry no citations."],"tags":["aging","autophagy","lysosome","mtor","cell biology","mechanisms"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1120,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/autophagy","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/autophagy","outbound":["proteostasis","hallmarks-of-aging","rapamycin","caloric-restriction","mitochondrial-dysfunction","stem-cell-exhaustion","inflammaging","cynthia-kenyon","metformin","nad-precursors","exercise-and-aging","dietary-supplements","retro-biosciences","cellular-senescence","aging-biomarkers","geroscience-hypothesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["blue-zones","buck-institute","caloric-restriction","coffee-and-aging","cynthia-kenyon","dietary-supplements","dog-aging-project","epigenetic-reprogramming","exercise-and-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","hallmarks-of-aging","heat-and-cold-exposure","interventions-testing-program","metformin","mitochondrial-dysfunction","negligible-senescence","partial-reprogramming","proteostasis","rapamycin","retro-biosciences","sarcopenia","stem-cell-exhaustion"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/autophagy/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"base-editing","title":"Base editing","summary":"A genome editing method that chemically converts one DNA base into another at a targeted site without cutting both strands of the double helix.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"All human use is trial-stage or one-off: edited CAR-T cells for one leukaemia patient in 2022, a 35-adult phase 1 liver trial (mean LDL down 62% at the top dose), 31 patients in an ex vivo sickle cell trial, and a bespoke editor given to one infant.","access":"No base-editing therapy is approved anywhere as of November 2026; the only routes are clinical trials and one-off bespoke treatments authorised for a single patient.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":[],"tags":["crispr","genome editing","gene therapy","point mutations","biotechnology"],"categories":["genetics"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":2126,"readingMinutes":9,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/base-editing","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/base-editing","outbound":["crispr-cas9","casgevy","lipid-nanoparticles","prime-editing","aav-vectors","targeted-drug-delivery","in-vivo-car-t","crispr-off-target-effects","somatic-gene-therapy","germline-editing","he-jiankui-affair","governance-of-genome-editing","gene-therapy-for-aging","access-and-inequality","epigenome-editing"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","ai-protein-design","casgevy","colossal-biosciences","crispr-cas9","crispr-off-target-effects","designer-babies","emmanuelle-charpentier","epigenome-editing","gene-therapy-for-aging","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","germline-editing","he-jiankui-affair","in-vivo-car-t","jennifer-doudna","lipid-nanoparticles","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","prime-editing","progeria","somatic-gene-therapy","targeted-drug-delivery"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/base-editing/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-11-01T08:11:32.415Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"artificial-neurons","title":"Bio-interfacing artificial neurons","summary":"Physical electronic devices that generate neuron-like spikes at biological voltages and timescales so they can exchange signals directly with living nerve cells and tissue.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2040s","trl":3,"humanEvidence":"No human study has been run; every coupling to living tissue has been acute, in mouse brain slices, cultured rat neurons, stem-cell-derived heart cells in a dish, or the vagus nerve of anaesthetized mice.","access":"Nothing to obtain: these are laboratory prototypes with no approved device, no commercial product, and no reported human trial.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":[],"tags":["neuromorphic","memristors","organic electronics","bioelectronics","neural interface","neuroprosthetics"],"categories":["cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1520,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/artificial-neurons","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/artificial-neurons","outbound":["neuroprosthetics","artificial-general-intelligence","brain-computer-interface","utah-array","deep-brain-stimulation","mental-privacy","neurorights","retinal-implant","cochlear-implant","memory-prosthesis","alzheimers-disease","neural-decoding","optogenetics","neural-dust","organoids","mind-uploading","substrate-independence","whole-brain-emulation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-computer-interface","neuroprosthetics"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/artificial-neurons/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"bioconservatism","title":"Bioconservatism","summary":"The position that biotechnological modification of human beings should face a strong presumption against it, grounded in dignity, precaution, or the value of the given.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["bioethics","philosophy","precaution","human dignity","politics"],"categories":["society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1270,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/bioconservatism","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/bioconservatism","outbound":["bioethics-of-enhancement","precautionary-principle","human-cloning","leon-kass","polygenic-embryo-screening","disability-rights-and-enhancement","somatic-gene-therapy","governance-of-genome-editing","nick-bostrom","transhumanism","he-jiankui-affair","asilomar-conference","parabiosis-and-young-blood","decellularized-scaffolds","germline-editing","human-enhancement","posthuman"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-womb","bioethics-of-enhancement","designer-babies","disability-rights-and-enhancement","ectogenesis","effective-accelerationism","human-cloning","human-enhancement","humanity-plus","julian-savulescu","leon-kass","max-more","moral-enhancement","morphological-freedom","polygenic-embryo-screening","posthuman","precautionary-principle","procreative-beneficence","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/bioconservatism/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"bioethics-of-enhancement","title":"Bioethics of enhancement","summary":"The philosophical and policy debate over whether biomedical means may legitimately be used to push human capacities beyond species-typical function.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["bioethics","enhancement","philosophy","autonomy","justice","therapy"],"categories":["society","enhancement"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1765,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/bioethics-of-enhancement","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/bioethics-of-enhancement","outbound":["crispr-cas9","glp-1-receptor-agonists","human-enhancement","bioconservatism","procreative-beneficence","intelligence-amplification","deep-brain-stimulation","moral-enhancement","personal-identity-and-continuity","access-and-inequality","enhancement-arms-race","enhancement-in-sport","disability-rights-and-enhancement","nootropics","non-invasive-neuromodulation","polygenic-embryo-screening","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","he-jiankui-affair","embryo-selection","designer-babies","human-ai-merger","leon-kass","julian-savulescu"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","artificial-womb","bioconservatism","biohacking","cochlear-implant","deep-brain-stimulation","designer-babies","disability-rights-and-enhancement","ectogenesis","embryo-selection","enhancement-arms-race","enhancement-in-sport","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","germline-editing","glp-1-receptor-agonists","governance-of-genome-editing","he-jiankui-affair","human-enhancement","humanity-plus","julian-savulescu","leon-kass","machine-consciousness","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","moral-enhancement","morphological-freedom","non-invasive-neuromodulation","nootropics","pantropy","personal-identity-and-continuity","polygenic-embryo-screening","posthuman","procreative-beneficence","psychedelic-therapy","retatrutide","sleep-reduction","uterus-transplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/bioethics-of-enhancement/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"biohacking","title":"Biohacking and grinders","summary":"The practice of modifying one's own biology outside institutional medicine, ranging from subdermal implants to do-it-yourself gene transfer and open-source medical devices.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["diy","implants","self-experimentation","subculture","regulation","citizen science","longevity"],"categories":["enhancement","people"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1593,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/biohacking","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/biohacking","outbound":["sensory-augmentation","continuous-glucose-monitoring","heat-and-cold-exposure","nootropics","quantified-self","biological-age","bryan-johnson","blueprint-protocol","access-and-inequality","crispr-cas9","myostatin-inhibition","somatic-gene-therapy","gene-doping","gene-therapy-for-aging","aav-vectors","morphological-freedom","dual-use-research","human-enhancement","bioethics-of-enhancement","disability-rights-and-enhancement","transhumanism"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["asilomar-conference","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","dietary-supplements","engineered-pandemics","extropianism","gene-doping","governance-of-genome-editing","gut-microbiome","heat-and-cold-exposure","klotho","magnesium-l-threonate","morphological-freedom","myostatin-inhibition","non-invasive-neuromodulation","nootropics","psychedelic-therapy","quantified-self","retatrutide","sensory-augmentation","wearable-health-sensors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/biohacking/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"biohub","title":"Biohub","summary":"A nonprofit biomedical research organization founded in 2016 by Priscilla Chan and Mark Zuckerberg, since 2025 the main vehicle of their philanthropy and focused on AI models of cells.","type":"organization","status":"established","horizon":"2030s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["nonprofit","machine learning","single cell","open data","philanthropy","research institutes","infectious disease"],"categories":["organizations","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-27","wordCount":1620,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/biohub","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/biohub","outbound":["virtual-cell-models","calico","altos-labs","ai-drug-discovery","buck-institute","jennifer-doudna","inflammaging","cancer","alzheimers-disease","ai-protein-design","isomorphic-labs","crispr-cas9","genetic-discrimination","access-and-inequality","human-digital-twins"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["human-digital-twins","isomorphic-labs","virtual-cell-models"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/biohub/history","revisions":1,"edits":0,"currentRevision":1,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-27T09:34:00.796Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"biological-age","title":"Biological age","summary":"An estimate of how far an individual has progressed along the trajectory of age-related decline, expressed in years and compared against their chronological age.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"The measures are built and tested in human cohorts, where several predict mortality; none is accepted by a regulator as a surrogate endpoint, and different measures in the same person agree only weakly.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The reversal-claims section cites none of the studies whose pattern it describes."],"tags":["aging","biomarkers","measurement","epigenetics","frailty"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1148,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/biological-age","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/biological-age","outbound":["aging-biomarkers","hallmarks-of-aging","steve-horvath","epigenetic-clock","inflammaging","stem-cell-exhaustion","exercise-and-aging","space-medicine","caloric-restriction","metformin","senolytics","epigenetic-reprogramming","consumer-blood-testing","cellular-senescence","telomeres-and-telomerase","xprize-healthspan","geroscience-hypothesis","healthspan","compression-of-morbidity","maximum-human-lifespan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","altos-labs","biohacking","blue-zones","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","buck-institute","caloric-restriction","cellular-senescence","coffee-and-aging","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","david-sinclair","dietary-supplements","dog-aging-project","epigenetic-clock","epigenetic-reprogramming","exercise-and-aging","gene-therapy-for-aging","gut-microbiome","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","heat-and-cold-exposure","human-digital-twins","kernel","klotho","longevity-escape-velocity","magnesium-l-threonate","maximum-human-lifespan","metformin","nanoparticle-diagnostics","negligible-senescence","newlimit","nir-barzilai","parabiosis-and-young-blood","partial-reprogramming","progeria","quantified-self","rapamycin","retatrutide","senolytics","sleep-and-longevity","space-medicine","steve-horvath","telomeres-and-telomerase","wearable-health-sensors","xprize-healthspan","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/biological-age/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"blue-zones","title":"Blue Zones","summary":"Five regions claimed to have unusually high concentrations of centenarians, and the lifestyle explanations built on that claim.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"The regional claims rest on retrospective age records in places with incomplete birth registration; the best-documented case, the Adventist cohort at Loma Linda, enrolled living people with verified ages.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The Japanese and Greek pension-audit figures are stated without sources."],"tags":["aging","demography","diet","public health","epidemiology","centenarians"],"categories":["longevity","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1450,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/blue-zones","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/blue-zones","outbound":["exercise-and-aging","caloric-restriction","autophagy","rapamycin","healthspan","compression-of-morbidity","hallmarks-of-aging","negligible-senescence","nir-barzilai","cynthia-kenyon","inflammaging","cellular-senescence","epigenetic-clock","aging-biomarkers","biological-age","access-and-inequality","longevity-dividend","maximum-human-lifespan","longevity-escape-velocity","geroscience-hypothesis","heat-and-cold-exposure"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["caloric-restriction","coffee-and-aging","compression-of-morbidity","epigenetic-clock","gut-microbiome","heat-and-cold-exposure","maximum-human-lifespan","nir-barzilai","sleep-and-longevity"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/blue-zones/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"blueprint-protocol","title":"Blueprint protocol","summary":"Bryan Johnson's self-measured anti-aging regimen, begun in 2021, combining diet, exercise, sleep, drugs and experimental therapies, and the company that sells its products.","type":"intervention","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":3,"humanEvidence":"No controlled or peer-reviewed study of the regimen exists; its evidence is one man's uncontrolled self-measurement, and the only larger dataset, an internal company study, surfaced through leaked documents reporting side effects.","access":"Johnson publishes the regimen free online and Blueprint sells its foods and supplements direct to consumers; the drugs and therapies he reports need prescriptions or clinics, and a 2024 starter subscription cost $333 a month.","reversibility":"context","issues":[],"tags":["self-experimentation","n-of-1","biomarkers","supplements","aging","consumer health"],"categories":["longevity","enhancement"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1761,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/blueprint-protocol","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/blueprint-protocol","outbound":["bryan-johnson","caloric-restriction","exercise-and-aging","sleep-and-longevity","dietary-supplements","metformin","heat-and-cold-exposure","wearable-health-sensors","biological-age","epigenetic-clock","telomeres-and-telomerase","parabiosis-and-young-blood","myostatin-inhibition","gene-therapy-for-aging","rapamycin","nir-barzilai","quantified-self","biohacking","aging-biomarkers","consumer-blood-testing","healthspan","longevity-escape-velocity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["biohacking","bryan-johnson","epigenetic-clock","quantified-self"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/blueprint-protocol/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"brain-preservation","title":"Brain preservation","summary":"Preserving the structural information in a brain well enough that a future technology could reconstruct its memories, rather than revive the tissue itself.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"indefinite","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"Verification is from rabbit and pig brains only; no preserved human brain has been assessed the same way, and no preserved brain of any species has been scanned and shown to yield a working model.","access":"Offered after death by a small number of organizations, at lower cost than liquid-nitrogen cryonics; no provider is known to perform the premortem perfusion the published protocol assumes.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The startups pursuing reversible brain cryopreservation are described without being named."],"tags":["cryopreservation","connectome","uploading","neuroscience","vitrification","death"],"categories":["minds","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1270,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/brain-preservation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/brain-preservation","outbound":["cryonics","longevity-escape-velocity","connectomics","whole-brain-emulation","anders-sandberg","nick-bostrom","medical-nanorobots","machine-consciousness","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","memory-prosthesis","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","morphological-freedom","neural-decoding","substrate-independence","mind-uploading","personal-identity-and-continuity","digital-immortality","alcor","head-transplant"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alcor","alzheimers-disease","anders-sandberg","connectomics","cryonics","digital-immortality","fm-2030","mind-uploading","natasha-vita-more","personal-identity-and-continuity","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","robert-freitas","substrate-independence","teleportation-problem","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/brain-preservation/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"brain-to-brain-interface","title":"Brain-to-brain interfaces","summary":"Systems that link one nervous system to another by decoding activity from a sender and delivering stimulation to a receiver, so far at rates of a few bits per minute.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2050s+","trl":3,"humanEvidence":"All human demonstrations are non-invasive: volunteers have exchanged roughly one bit per trial through scalp EEG and magnetic stimulation, and no healthy person has been implanted for this purpose.","access":"Nothing to obtain: the systems exist only as laboratory setups assembled from research EEG and stimulation equipment, with no product or service on offer.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["The ethics section is thinner than the technical sections."],"tags":["bci","telepathy","tms","neural decoding","neurostimulation","bandwidth"],"categories":["cybernetics","minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1067,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/brain-to-brain-interface","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/brain-to-brain-interface","outbound":["brain-computer-interface","neural-decoding","non-invasive-neuromodulation","utah-array","ecog-interfaces","neuroprosthetics","optogenetics","sensory-augmentation","mental-privacy","neurorights","neuralink","human-ai-merger","whole-brain-emulation","mind-uploading"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-computer-interface","mental-privacy","neural-decoding","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","speech-neuroprosthesis"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/brain-to-brain-interface/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"brain-computer-interface","title":"Brain–computer interface","summary":"A system that measures nervous-system activity, decodes an intention or state from it, and converts that decoded signal into a command for an external device.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"Implanted arrays have given research participants with paralysis cursor control, robotic-arm use and large-vocabulary speech decoding at up to about 60-80 words per minute; no implanted BCI has been shown to improve any capability in a healthy person.","access":"China approved one epidural BCI for hand grasp after cervical spinal cord injury in March 2026; elsewhere implanted BCIs are trial-only. Consumer EEG headsets are sold freely as wellness devices.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["Trial statuses and participant counts in Current state are as of October 2026 and need rechecking as studies report.","Chinese BCI programmes other than the approved Neuracle device are covered only in passing."],"tags":["bci","neurotechnology","paralysis","neural decoding","implants","assistive technology"],"categories":["cybernetics","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-30","wordCount":2599,"readingMinutes":12,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/brain-computer-interface","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/brain-computer-interface","outbound":["neural-decoding","exoskeleton","kernel","utah-array","speech-neuroprosthesis","neuralink","ecog-interfaces","stentrode","synchron","cortical-visual-prosthesis","memory-prosthesis","neuroprosthetics","artificial-neurons","neural-dust","retinal-implant","deep-brain-stimulation","cochlear-implant","mental-privacy","neurorights","non-invasive-neuromodulation","wearable-health-sensors","human-ai-merger","whole-brain-emulation","brain-to-brain-interface"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","artificial-neurons","brain-to-brain-interface","bryan-johnson","cochlear-implant","connectomics","cortical-visual-prosthesis","deep-brain-stimulation","disability-rights-and-enhancement","ecog-interfaces","exoskeleton","future-of-humanity","head-transplant","human-ai-merger","human-enhancement","humanity-plus","intelligence-amplification","kernel","memory-prosthesis","mental-privacy","mind-uploading","myoelectric-prosthetics","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","neural-decoding","neural-dust","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","non-invasive-neuromodulation","optogenetics","osseointegration","pantropy","posthuman","retinal-implant","robotic-avatars","sensory-augmentation","speech-neuroprosthesis","stentrode","synchron","transhumanism","utah-array","wearable-health-sensors","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/brain-computer-interface/history","revisions":6,"edits":5,"currentRevision":6,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-30T04:59:31.073Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"bryan-johnson","title":"Bryan Johnson","summary":"American entrepreneur who founded Braintree and the neurotechnology firm Kernel, then made his own body the subject of Blueprint, a heavily measured and disputed anti-aging regimen.","type":"person","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["biohacking","self-experimentation","life extension","biomarkers","neurotechnology","aging"],"categories":["people","longevity","cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1818,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/bryan-johnson","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/bryan-johnson","outbound":["kernel","blueprint-protocol","biohacking","alzheimers-disease","memory-prosthesis","neuralink","brain-computer-interface","caloric-restriction","dietary-supplements","aging-biomarkers","quantified-self","parabiosis-and-young-blood","myostatin-inhibition","gene-therapy-for-aging","rapamycin","epigenetic-clock","consumer-blood-testing","longevity-escape-velocity","mind-uploading","transhumanism","buck-institute","nir-barzilai","biological-age","aubrey-de-grey"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["biohacking","blueprint-protocol","epigenetic-clock","gene-therapy-for-aging","kernel","myostatin-inhibition","parabiosis-and-young-blood"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/bryan-johnson/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"buck-institute","title":"Buck Institute for Research on Aging","summary":"An independent research institute in Novato, California, opened in 1999 as the first in the world dedicated solely to the biology of aging.","type":"organization","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["aging","biogerontology","research institutes","senescence","training","nonprofit"],"categories":["organizations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1229,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/buck-institute","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/buck-institute","outbound":["geroscience-hypothesis","cellular-senescence","calico","altos-labs","senolytics","inflammaging","autophagy","proteostasis","caloric-restriction","rapamycin","nad-precursors","aging-biomarkers","epigenetic-clock","sens-research-foundation","biological-age","hallmarks-of-aging"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["altos-labs","biohub","bryan-johnson","calico","cellular-senescence","cynthia-kenyon","geroscience-hypothesis","nir-barzilai","reproductive-longevity","senolytics","sens-research-foundation","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/buck-institute/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"calico","title":"Calico Life Sciences","summary":"Alphabet's independent biotechnology company, founded in 2013 to study the biology of aging and develop interventions against age-related disease.","type":"organization","status":"established","horizon":"2030s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The AbbVie funding totals and the reported narrowing of the partnership carry no source."],"tags":["aging","biotech","drug discovery","comparative biology","google","research institutes"],"categories":["organizations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1240,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/calico","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/calico","outbound":["geroscience-hypothesis","altos-labs","negligible-senescence","cellular-senescence","maximum-human-lifespan","nir-barzilai","proteostasis","metformin","aging-biomarkers","loyal","exercise-and-aging","rapamycin","senolytics","longevity-dividend","hallmarks-of-aging","retro-biosciences","newlimit","buck-institute"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-drug-discovery","altos-labs","biohub","buck-institute","cynthia-kenyon","epigenetic-reprogramming","isomorphic-labs","loyal","methuselah-foundation","naked-mole-rat","negligible-senescence","newlimit","sens-research-foundation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/calico/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"caloric-restriction","title":"Caloric restriction","summary":"Sustained reduction of energy intake without malnutrition, the oldest and most reproducible lifespan-extending intervention in animals and the least proven in humans.","type":"intervention","status":"experimental","horizon":"present","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"CALERIE, the only randomized trial in healthy non-obese adults, ran two years at roughly half the intended restriction and moved cardiometabolic and immune markers; no human lifespan data exist, and the two rhesus studies disagree.","access":"Requires no prescription and nothing to buy, since it is a change in eating; commercial fasting-mimicking formulations are sold direct to consumers.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Fasting-mimicking diet claims are unsourced; the paragraph needs a named trial."],"tags":["dietary restriction","aging","fasting","calerie","nutrient sensing","clinical trials"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1112,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/caloric-restriction","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/caloric-restriction","outbound":["mitochondrial-dysfunction","hallmarks-of-aging","cynthia-kenyon","autophagy","rapamycin","metformin","inflammaging","cellular-senescence","senolytics","epigenetic-clock","aging-biomarkers","biological-age","reproductive-longevity","blue-zones","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","negligible-senescence","healthspan","exercise-and-aging"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","autophagy","biological-age","blue-zones","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","buck-institute","coffee-and-aging","cynthia-kenyon","david-sinclair","dietary-supplements","dog-aging-project","epigenetic-clock","exercise-and-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","gut-microbiome","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","heat-and-cold-exposure","human-hibernation","inflammaging","interventions-testing-program","klotho","loyal","maximum-human-lifespan","metformin","methuselah-foundation","mitochondrial-dysfunction","nad-precursors","naked-mole-rat","proteostasis","rapamycin","retro-biosciences","sarcopenia","senolytics","sleep-and-longevity","stem-cell-exhaustion"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/caloric-restriction/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"cancer","title":"Cancer","summary":"The class of diseases in which a somatic cell lineage escapes the controls on its own division, and the age-related cause of death that constrains most life-extension arguments.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Incidence rises steeply with age in every human population measured and US mortality rates have fallen by about a third since 1991; the claim that slowing aging would lower cancer risk has not been tested in people.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["No account of how carcinogenicity is tested in geroscience trials, which the longevity section assumes."],"tags":["cancer","aging","oncology","somatic mutation","mortality","mechanisms","risk"],"categories":["longevity","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1619,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/cancer","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/cancer","outbound":["hallmarks-of-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","epigenetic-clock","cellular-senescence","negligible-senescence","telomeres-and-telomerase","leonard-hayflick","senolytics","yamanaka-factors","partial-reprogramming","epigenetic-reprogramming","rapamycin","metformin","somatic-gene-therapy","crispr-off-target-effects","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","consumer-blood-testing","aging-biomarkers","in-vitro-fertilisation","longevity-escape-velocity","maximum-human-lifespan","immunosenescence","compression-of-morbidity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-drug-discovery","alzheimers-disease","biohub","coffee-and-aging","face-and-hand-transplantation","gut-microbiome","immunosenescence","in-vivo-car-t","isomorphic-labs","longevity-dividend","naked-mole-rat","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","progeria","virtual-cell-models"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/cancer/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"casgevy","title":"Casgevy","summary":"The first approved CRISPR-based medicine, which disrupts a fetal-haemoglobin repressor in a patient's own blood stem cells to treat sickle cell disease and beta thalassaemia.","type":"intervention","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"In single-arm trials with no control group, most sickle cell recipients went at least twelve months without a vaso-occlusive crisis and most thalassaemia recipients stopped transfusions; follow-up is short.","access":"Approved in the United Kingdom in November 2023 and the United States shortly after; the US list price is about 2.2 million dollars, delivery is confined to authorised transplant centres, and early uptake was slow.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The Casgevy and Lyfgenia list prices are stated without a source.","The claim that uptake was slow in the first two years carries no source."],"tags":["crispr","sickle cell disease","gene therapy","haemoglobin","drug pricing","clinical trials"],"categories":["genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1201,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/casgevy","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/casgevy","outbound":["crispr-cas9","aav-vectors","base-editing","epigenome-editing","prime-editing","germline-editing","embryo-selection","lipid-nanoparticles","access-and-inequality","somatic-gene-therapy","crispr-off-target-effects","he-jiankui-affair","governance-of-genome-editing"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","access-and-inequality","artificial-blood","base-editing","crispr-cas9","crispr-off-target-effects","emmanuelle-charpentier","epigenome-editing","germline-editing","governance-of-genome-editing","jennifer-doudna","lipid-nanoparticles","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","prime-editing","progeria","somatic-gene-therapy","targeted-drug-delivery","technology-readiness-level"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/casgevy/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"cellular-senescence","title":"Cellular senescence","summary":"A stable arrest of cell division, triggered by telomere attrition or stress, in which the arrested cell stays metabolically active and secretes inflammatory factors.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"The arrest was first described in cultured human fibroblasts and the markers appear in aged human tissue; every result showing that clearing senescent cells extends life is from mice, and randomized senolytic trials have not yet shown clinical benefit.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The Unity Biotechnology phase 2 osteoarthritis result is stated without a source."],"tags":["aging","senescence","sasp","cell biology","cancer","mechanisms"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1169,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/cellular-senescence","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/cellular-senescence","outbound":["hallmarks-of-aging","telomeres-and-telomerase","mitochondrial-dysfunction","proteostasis","buck-institute","inflammaging","stem-cell-exhaustion","senolytics","rapamycin","aging-biomarkers","partial-reprogramming","geroscience-hypothesis","biological-age","healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","ai-drug-discovery","aubrey-de-grey","autophagy","biological-age","blue-zones","buck-institute","calico","caloric-restriction","cancer","cynthia-kenyon","dietary-supplements","epigenetic-reprogramming","glp-1-receptor-agonists","gut-microbiome","hallmarks-of-aging","immunosenescence","inflammaging","leonard-hayflick","limb-regeneration","longevity-escape-velocity","maximum-human-lifespan","metformin","mitochondrial-dysfunction","nad-precursors","naked-mole-rat","negligible-senescence","parabiosis-and-young-blood","partial-reprogramming","progeria","proteostasis","radiation-hardening-humans","reproductive-longevity","sarcopenia","senolytics","sens-research-foundation","stem-cell-exhaustion","telomeres-and-telomerase","virtual-cell-models","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/cellular-senescence/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"closed-loop-life-support","title":"Closed-loop life support","summary":"Engineering that regenerates a crew's air, water, and food from their own waste, reducing the resupply mass that otherwise makes long-duration spaceflight impossible.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"2030s","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"Crews have lived for months on regenerated air and water aboard the ISS and in sealed ground facilities such as BIOS-3; no flown system has closed the food loop, and essentially every calorie eaten in orbit was launched.","access":"Nothing to obtain: these are one-off agency and research systems, and flight-qualified hardware exists only aboard the ISS and in a handful of sealed ground facilities.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["The 98 percent ISS water-recovery figure appears three times without a source."],"tags":["life support","spaceflight","recycling","bioregenerative","mars","closed ecology"],"categories":["space"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1382,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/closed-loop-life-support","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/closed-loop-life-support","outbound":["technology-readiness-level","radiation-hardening-humans","microgravity-adaptation","human-hibernation","tissue-engineering","synthetic-genomes","recoded-organisms","mirror-life","precautionary-principle","generation-ship-biology","pantropy","future-of-humanity","space-medicine","existential-risk"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["generation-ship-biology","human-hibernation","microgravity-adaptation","pantropy","space-medicine"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/closed-loop-life-support/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"cochlear-implant","title":"Cochlear implant","summary":"An implanted device that restores a functional sense of hearing by stimulating the auditory nerve with electrical pulses, bypassing the ear's damaged hair cells.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"More than 700,000 people have been implanted; most postlingually deafened adults reach open-set sentence recognition in quiet, and a prospective multicentre cohort found earlier-implanted children gained spoken language faster.","access":"Approved and routinely reimbursed in high-income countries; device, surgery and years of audiological programming run to tens of thousands of dollars, and most of the world's profoundly deaf people never receive one.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The 700,000 recipient count and the near-one-million estimate carry no source.","The optical cochlear implant work in rodents is described without a citation."],"tags":["hearing","sensory restoration","implants","deafness","neuroprosthetics","disability"],"categories":["cybernetics","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1491,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/cochlear-implant","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/cochlear-implant","outbound":["neuroprosthetics","brain-computer-interface","neural-decoding","retinal-implant","deep-brain-stimulation","access-and-inequality","disability-rights-and-enhancement","human-enhancement","morphological-freedom","bioethics-of-enhancement","aav-vectors","somatic-gene-therapy","optogenetics","sensory-augmentation","speech-neuroprosthesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","artificial-neurons","brain-computer-interface","cortical-visual-prosthesis","deep-brain-stimulation","disability-rights-and-enhancement","memory-prosthesis","myoelectric-prosthetics","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","optogenetics","osseointegration","posthuman","retinal-implant","sensory-augmentation","speech-neuroprosthesis","stentrode","synchron","technology-readiness-level","utah-array"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/cochlear-implant/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"coffee-and-aging","title":"Coffee and aging","summary":"The claim that habitual coffee drinking slows human aging, built on consistent cohort links to lower mortality that genetic studies have not confirmed as causal.","type":"intervention","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Large prospective cohorts link moderate coffee drinking to roughly 10 to 17 percent lower all-cause mortality; Mendelian randomization studies have not supported causality, and no randomized trial has tested survival.","access":"Sold as an ordinary food and drink almost everywhere, cheaply and without prescription; no regulator recognizes coffee or any of its constituents as a treatment for aging.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":[],"tags":["coffee","caffeine","diet","epidemiology","causal inference","aging","healthspan"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1609,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/coffee-and-aging","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/coffee-and-aging","outbound":["cancer","alzheimers-disease","biological-age","nootropics","hallmarks-of-aging","proteostasis","stem-cell-exhaustion","inflammaging","autophagy","rapamycin","caloric-restriction","nad-precursors","sarcopenia","healthspan","metformin","aging-biomarkers","epigenetic-clock","exercise-and-aging","sleep-and-longevity","dietary-supplements","blue-zones"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["healthspan","nootropics"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/coffee-and-aging/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"colossal-biosciences","title":"Colossal Biosciences","summary":"A Texas biotechnology company founded in 2021 to recreate extinct species by editing the genomes of living relatives, and to spin out conservation technology from that work.","type":"organization","status":"contested","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The dire wolf edit counts and the reported valuation are stated without a source."],"tags":["de-extinction","genome editing","conservation","ancient dna","biotech","mammoth"],"categories":["organizations","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1396,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/colossal-biosciences","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/colossal-biosciences","outbound":["george-church","de-extinction","crispr-cas9","base-editing","human-cloning","recoded-organisms","artificial-womb","ectogenesis","crispr-off-target-effects","precautionary-principle","xenotransplantation","gene-drive","governance-of-genome-editing","synthetic-genomes"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["de-extinction","gene-drive","george-church"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/colossal-biosciences/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"compression-of-morbidity","title":"Compression of morbidity","summary":"The hypothesis that chronic illness can be postponed into a shorter interval before death, so that added years of life are healthy ones.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Disability rates in the United States and several European countries fell through the 1980s and 1990s and then stalled, while years lived with diagnosed chronic disease rose; no national population has been shown to compress morbidity.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The National Long Term Care Survey disability decline is stated without a source."],"tags":["aging","healthspan","public health","disability","demography","health policy"],"categories":["longevity","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1314,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/compression-of-morbidity","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/compression-of-morbidity","outbound":["maximum-human-lifespan","glp-1-receptor-agonists","exercise-and-aging","blue-zones","overpopulation-and-longevity","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","access-and-inequality","longevity-dividend","hallmarks-of-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","nir-barzilai","senolytics","rapamycin","healthspan","aging-biomarkers","longevity-escape-velocity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","alzheimers-disease","biological-age","blue-zones","cancer","consumer-blood-testing","dog-aging-project","exercise-and-aging","future-of-humanity","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","glymphatic-system","healthspan","leon-kass","leonard-hayflick","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","loyal","maximum-human-lifespan","metformin","nir-barzilai","organ-shortage","overpopulation-and-longevity","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","retatrutide","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","sarcopenia","senolytics","sleep-and-longevity","wearable-health-sensors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/compression-of-morbidity/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"connectomics","title":"Connectomics","summary":"The mapping of complete wiring diagrams of nervous systems, from macroscale fibre tracts down to every synapse in a volume of tissue.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"2030s","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"Synapse-resolution mapping in humans has reached one cubic millimetre of fixed cortex from a single person; complete connectomes exist only for a nematode and a fly, and no mammalian brain has been mapped in full.","access":"Nothing to purchase as a service: the published datasets are freely downloadable, and the imaging and segmentation are done by a handful of consortium-scale groups.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The sequencing-based barcoding approaches are described without a citation."],"tags":["connectome","electron microscopy","neuroscience","brain mapping","segmentation","neural circuits"],"categories":["minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1390,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/connectomics","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/connectomics","outbound":["whole-brain-emulation","deep-brain-stimulation","george-church","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","substrate-independence","machine-consciousness","optogenetics","neural-decoding","brain-computer-interface","memory-prosthesis","organoids","brain-preservation","cryonics","mind-uploading","personal-identity-and-continuity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","alcor","anders-sandberg","artificial-general-intelligence","brain-preservation","cryonics","digital-immortality","ecog-interfaces","machine-consciousness","memory-prosthesis","mind-uploading","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","neural-decoding","optogenetics","personal-identity-and-continuity","substrate-independence","teleportation-problem","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/connectomics/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"consumer-blood-testing","title":"Consumer blood testing","summary":"The sale of clinical laboratory panels directly to asymptomatic consumers as preventive medicine, where accurate assays meet a screening logic that guidelines reject.","type":"technology","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"The individual assays are standard clinical chemistry validated in people; no randomized trial has shown that broad panels in asymptomatic adults reduce illness or death, and trials of periodic general health checks found no mortality benefit.","access":"Sold online in most US states and in several other countries without a physician referral; single panels cost tens to hundreds of dollars and annual memberships several hundred, almost never reimbursed.","reversibility":"context","issues":["Prices are approximate and change frequently.","Regulation outside the United States is covered only in passing."],"tags":["diagnostics","screening","overdiagnosis","preventive medicine","biomarkers","direct-to-consumer"],"categories":["longevity","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1559,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/consumer-blood-testing","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/consumer-blood-testing","outbound":["dietary-supplements","inflammaging","telomeres-and-telomerase","epigenetic-clock","continuous-glucose-monitoring","wearable-health-sensors","genetic-discrimination","mental-privacy","access-and-inequality","biohacking","metformin","glp-1-receptor-agonists","biological-age","aging-biomarkers","human-digital-twins","nanoparticle-diagnostics","exercise-and-aging","sleep-and-longevity","healthspan","geroscience-hypothesis","quantified-self","compression-of-morbidity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alzheimers-disease","biological-age","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","cancer","continuous-glucose-monitoring","dietary-supplements","embryo-selection","epigenetic-clock","genetic-discrimination","kernel","nanoparticle-diagnostics","quantified-self","steve-horvath","telomeres-and-telomerase","wearable-health-sensors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/consumer-blood-testing/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"continuous-glucose-monitoring","title":"Continuous glucose monitoring","summary":"A wearable sensor that reports glucose in the fluid between cells every few minutes, well established in diabetes and of unproven value to people without it.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Randomized trials in type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes show lower HbA1c and less hypoglycemia; no trial in people without diabetes has shown a benefit on any health outcome.","access":"Prescribed and widely reimbursed for insulin-treated diabetes in wealthy countries; over-the-counter sensors have been sold in the United States since 2024, paid out of pocket.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Reimbursement and over-the-counter status outside the US are not covered.","Sensor-wear durations are given as ranges rather than per device."],"tags":["diabetes","biosensors","metabolic health","wearables","self-tracking","measurement"],"categories":["longevity","cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1648,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/continuous-glucose-monitoring","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/continuous-glucose-monitoring","outbound":["deep-brain-stimulation","medical-nanorobots","metformin","glp-1-receptor-agonists","healthspan","wearable-health-sensors","biohacking","quantified-self","consumer-blood-testing","dietary-supplements","exercise-and-aging","sleep-and-longevity","access-and-inequality","human-digital-twins","epigenetic-clock","aging-biomarkers","biological-age","geroscience-hypothesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["biohacking","consumer-blood-testing","glp-1-receptor-agonists","human-digital-twins","quantified-self","sleep-and-longevity","wearable-health-sensors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/continuous-glucose-monitoring/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"cortical-visual-prosthesis","title":"Cortical visual prosthesis","summary":"An implanted device that bypasses the eyes and optic nerves and electrically stimulates the visual cortex, producing spots of light that blind users learn to read as crude images.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"Small feasibility studies in blind adults show phosphene mapping, letter and motion discrimination, and implants in a registered trial working for up to six years; the trials have enrolled only people who once had sight.","access":"Available only to adults enrolled in a few feasibility studies in the US and Spain that require years of prior sight; no cortical visual prosthesis has marketing approval as of October 2026.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["Number of CORTIVIS participants implanted to date is not stated because no single source gives it","Orion six-year results rest on a company release; cite the peer-reviewed paper when it appears","Dobelle paragraph relies on a single 2002 magazine feature"],"tags":["vision","blindness","phosphenes","visual cortex","sensory restoration","neuroprosthetics","implants"],"categories":["cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-30","wordCount":1992,"readingMinutes":9,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/cortical-visual-prosthesis","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/cortical-visual-prosthesis","outbound":["retinal-implant","ecog-interfaces","utah-array","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","access-and-inequality","disability-rights-and-enhancement","brain-computer-interface","neural-decoding","optogenetics","somatic-gene-therapy","cochlear-implant","sensory-augmentation","human-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-computer-interface","face-and-hand-transplantation","head-transplant","neuralink","retinal-implant"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/cortical-visual-prosthesis/history","revisions":1,"edits":0,"currentRevision":1,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-30T04:59:31.073Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"crispr-cas9","title":"CRISPR–Cas9","summary":"A bacterial defence system repurposed as a programmable DNA-cutting tool, in which a short guide RNA directs the Cas9 enzyme to a chosen sequence in almost any genome.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"One approved medicine, Casgevy, edits a patient's own blood stem cells outside the body; in vivo editing has durably lowered the disease-causing protein in transthyretin amyloidosis, and heritable editing is unapproved in every country with a relevant law.","access":"Reagents are ordinary catalogue items sold to any laboratory; the one approved medicine built on the platform treats two inherited blood disorders and is priced in the millions of dollars per patient.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The 2025 Federal Circuit ruling in the patent dispute carries no source."],"tags":["crispr","genome editing","molecular biology","gene therapy","nobel prize","biotechnology"],"categories":["genetics","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1760,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/crispr-cas9","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/crispr-cas9","outbound":["crispr-off-target-effects","base-editing","prime-editing","epigenome-editing","aav-vectors","ai-protein-design","lipid-nanoparticles","casgevy","xenotransplantation","de-extinction","gene-drive","somatic-gene-therapy","germline-editing","he-jiankui-affair","governance-of-genome-editing","dual-use-research","asilomar-conference","george-church","access-and-inequality","jennifer-doudna"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","accelerating-change","ai-protein-design","asilomar-conference","base-editing","bioethics-of-enhancement","biohacking","biohub","casgevy","colossal-biosciences","crispr-off-target-effects","de-extinction","designer-babies","dna-nanotechnology","dual-use-research","emmanuelle-charpentier","engineered-pandemics","epigenome-editing","future-of-humanity","gene-doping","gene-drive","george-church","germline-editing","he-jiankui-affair","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vivo-car-t","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","jennifer-doudna","lab-grown-organs","lipid-nanoparticles","medical-nanorobots","myostatin-inhibition","nanoparticle-diagnostics","optogenetics","organoids","prime-editing","progeria","recoded-organisms","shinya-yamanaka","somatic-gene-therapy","synthetic-genomes","targeted-drug-delivery","virtual-cell-models","xenobots","xenotransplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/crispr-cas9/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"cryonics","title":"Cryonics","summary":"The practice of preserving legally dead people at cryogenic temperatures in the hope that future medicine can repair and revive them.","type":"technology","status":"contested","horizon":"indefinite","trl":2,"humanEvidence":"Fewer than a thousand people have been cryopreserved and none has been revived; no mammal has been recovered from cryogenic temperature, and the strongest whole-organ result is a vitrified rat kidney rewarmed and transplanted.","access":"Sold by a handful of member organizations; Alcor's minimum funding is $200,000 whole-body and $80,000 neuro, the Cryonics Institute charges several times less, and most members pay by life insurance.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The membership and patient counts are given without a source.","The 1990s California pre-mortem case is described without a name or citation."],"tags":["cryopreservation","vitrification","life extension","death","cryobiology","revival"],"categories":["longevity","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1878,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/cryonics","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/cryonics","outbound":["transhumanism","medical-nanorobots","molecular-assembler","eric-drexler","connectomics","whole-brain-emulation","brain-preservation","mind-uploading","substrate-independence","personal-identity-and-continuity","reproductive-longevity","organ-shortage","alcor","max-more","lab-grown-organs","access-and-inequality","fm-2030","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","morphological-freedom","longevity-escape-velocity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alcor","brain-preservation","connectomics","digital-immortality","extropianism","fm-2030","head-transplant","human-hibernation","in-vitro-fertilisation","longevity-escape-velocity","max-more","maximum-human-lifespan","methuselah-foundation","mind-uploading","natasha-vita-more","personal-identity-and-continuity","ray-kurzweil","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","robert-freitas","singularitarianism","substrate-independence","tardigrade-genes","technological-singularity","technology-readiness-level","teleportation-problem","transhumanism","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/cryonics/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"cynthia-kenyon","title":"Cynthia Kenyon","summary":"American molecular geneticist whose 1993 finding that a single daf-2 mutation doubles the lifespan of C. elegans made aging a tractable genetic problem.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Kenyon's UCSF appointments and the year of her election to the National Academy of Sciences are unsourced.","Her account of changing her own diet is drawn from interviews rather than a citable document."],"tags":["aging","genetics","c. elegans","insulin signaling","foxo","biogerontology"],"categories":["people","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1643,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/cynthia-kenyon","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/cynthia-kenyon","outbound":["calico","caloric-restriction","proteostasis","autophagy","nir-barzilai","geroscience-hypothesis","stem-cell-exhaustion","telomeres-and-telomerase","cellular-senescence","senolytics","hallmarks-of-aging","maximum-human-lifespan","aubrey-de-grey","david-sinclair","buck-institute","altos-labs","longevity-dividend","healthspan","rapamycin","metformin","aging-biomarkers","gene-therapy-for-aging","exercise-and-aging","negligible-senescence"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["autophagy","blue-zones","caloric-restriction","geroscience-hypothesis","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","heat-and-cold-exposure","human-hibernation","klotho","loyal","maximum-human-lifespan","negligible-senescence","nir-barzilai","proteostasis","rapamycin"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/cynthia-kenyon/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"david-sinclair","title":"David Sinclair","summary":"Australian-American biologist at Harvard known for sirtuin and NAD+ research, the information theory of aging, and disputes over the strength of his public claims.","type":"person","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2024 Academy for Health and Lifespan Research resignations are described without a source.","The Sirtris acquisition figure is given qualitatively and unsourced."],"tags":["aging","sirtuins","nad","epigenetics","reprogramming","biogerontology"],"categories":["people","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1061,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/david-sinclair","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/david-sinclair","outbound":["partial-reprogramming","biological-age","caloric-restriction","rapamycin","nad-precursors","epigenetic-clock","epigenetic-reprogramming","hallmarks-of-aging","yamanaka-factors","altos-labs","newlimit","dietary-supplements","loyal","geroscience-hypothesis","aging-biomarkers","aubrey-de-grey","shinya-yamanaka"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["altos-labs","aubrey-de-grey","cynthia-kenyon","dietary-supplements","epigenetic-reprogramming","interventions-testing-program","longevity-dividend","nad-precursors","nir-barzilai","retro-biosciences","shinya-yamanaka","steve-horvath"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/david-sinclair/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"de-extinction","title":"De-extinction","summary":"The attempt to recreate extinct organisms, in practice by editing a close living relative to carry some of the extinct animal's traits rather than restoring the species itself.","type":"technology","status":"contested","horizon":"2030s","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"Nothing here has been applied to people; the only extinct animal ever brought to term was a cloned Pyrenean ibex that died within minutes of birth in 2003.","access":"Nothing to obtain: no restored species exists, and the work runs inside a small number of venture-funded and academic programmes.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The 2025 dire wolf and edited-mice announcements are described without a citation.","The Arctic albedo and permafrost hypothesis is stated without a source."],"tags":["conservation","genome editing","cloning","ancient dna","biodiversity","proxy species"],"categories":["genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1188,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/de-extinction","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/de-extinction","outbound":["human-cloning","crispr-cas9","colossal-biosciences","artificial-womb","ectogenesis","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","in-vitro-gametogenesis","gene-drive","crispr-off-target-effects","germline-editing","xenotransplantation","synthetic-genomes","recoded-organisms","precautionary-principle"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["colossal-biosciences","crispr-cas9","gene-drive","george-church","human-cloning","in-vitro-gametogenesis","xenotransplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/de-extinction/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"decellularized-scaffolds","title":"Decellularized scaffolds","summary":"Donor tissues stripped of their cells to leave an extracellular matrix scaffold, used as surgical implants and as a route to rebuilding whole organs from a preserved vascular tree.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"2030s","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"Acellular matrix implants are in routine surgical use in people, and a small uncontrolled study reported new muscle formation at sites of traumatic muscle loss; recellularized whole organs remain a rodent result.","access":"Acellular dermis, submucosa, heart valves and nerve grafts are approved surgical products in wide use; no recellularized whole organ is available at any price.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The routine-products section lists product classes without a citation.","The volumetric muscle loss study is cited without its size or design."],"tags":["extracellular matrix","regenerative medicine","transplantation","biomaterials","research misconduct","tissue engineering"],"categories":["bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1344,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/decellularized-scaffolds","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/decellularized-scaffolds","outbound":["limb-regeneration","tissue-engineering","organoids","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","artificial-heart","artificial-blood","somatic-gene-therapy","he-jiankui-affair","xenotransplantation","precautionary-principle","organ-bioprinting","organ-shortage","lab-grown-organs"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-heart","bioconservatism","lab-grown-organs","organ-bioprinting","organ-shortage","organoids","osseointegration","tissue-engineering","uterus-transplantation","xenobots","xenotransplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/decellularized-scaffolds/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"deep-brain-stimulation","title":"Deep brain stimulation","summary":"A surgical therapy in which implanted electrodes deliver continuous electrical pulses to specific deep brain structures to suppress the symptoms of movement and psychiatric disorders.","type":"intervention","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Randomized trials in adults with Parkinson's disease report large gains in mobility and quality of life against best medical therapy, and the device is in routine clinical use; two randomized trials in depression were halted for futility.","access":"Approved for Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, dystonia and drug-resistant epilepsy, reimbursed by many high-income systems, and delivered only at specialist centres; psychiatric use is investigational beyond a US exemption for OCD.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The 150,000-patient figure in the infobox has no source."],"tags":["neuromodulation","parkinsons","implants","psychiatry","closed-loop","neuroethics"],"categories":["cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1420,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/deep-brain-stimulation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/deep-brain-stimulation","outbound":["cochlear-implant","brain-computer-interface","neural-decoding","psychedelic-therapy","neuroprosthetics","personal-identity-and-continuity","moral-enhancement","bioethics-of-enhancement","neurorights","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","access-and-inequality","mental-privacy","human-digital-twins","non-invasive-neuromodulation","optogenetics","human-enhancement","memory-prosthesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-heart","artificial-neurons","bioethics-of-enhancement","brain-computer-interface","cochlear-implant","connectomics","continuous-glucose-monitoring","disability-rights-and-enhancement","ecog-interfaces","human-ai-merger","human-digital-twins","human-hibernation","memory-prosthesis","mental-privacy","moral-enhancement","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","neural-decoding","neural-dust","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","non-invasive-neuromodulation","optogenetics","personal-identity-and-continuity","psychedelic-therapy","stentrode","synchron","utah-array"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/deep-brain-stimulation/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"designer-babies","title":"Designer babies","summary":"A popular term for children whose traits are chosen before birth, covering a real but narrow practice of embryo selection and a largely hypothetical practice of embryo editing.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The claim about the size of achievable polygenic selection gains carries no source."],"tags":["reproduction","embryo selection","germline","bioethics","genomics","enhancement"],"categories":["reproduction","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1373,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/designer-babies","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/designer-babies","outbound":["embryo-selection","germline-editing","polygenic-embryo-screening","crispr-cas9","base-editing","prime-editing","crispr-off-target-effects","he-jiankui-affair","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","disability-rights-and-enhancement","procreative-beneficence","human-enhancement","bioconservatism","access-and-inequality","governance-of-genome-editing","in-vitro-gametogenesis","bioethics-of-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-womb","bioethics-of-enhancement","embryo-selection","genetic-discrimination","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","germline-editing","he-jiankui-affair","human-enhancement","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vitro-gametogenesis","leon-kass","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","morphological-freedom","polygenic-embryo-screening","procreative-beneficence"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/designer-babies/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"dietary-supplements","title":"Dietary supplements","summary":"Vitamins, minerals, botanicals, and other compounds sold without pre-market approval, whose large randomized trials have repeatedly failed to show benefit in well-nourished adults.","type":"intervention","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Correcting a documented deficiency is established medicine, but large randomized trials in well-nourished adults have been null for cancer and cardiovascular endpoints, and beta-carotene and vitamin E raised cancer incidence in some groups.","access":"Sold without prescription in supermarkets, pharmacies, and online almost everywhere; in the United States no product needs approval before sale, and monthly cost ranges from a few dollars to several hundred.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Regulation section covers the US, EU, and Australia only.","No market-size figure; usage and harm data cited are US-only."],"tags":["supplements","regulation","vitamins","clinical trials","consumer health","antioxidants"],"categories":["longevity","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1721,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/dietary-supplements","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/dietary-supplements","outbound":["precautionary-principle","hallmarks-of-aging","epigenetic-clock","nad-precursors","david-sinclair","senolytics","cellular-senescence","autophagy","caloric-restriction","mitochondrial-dysfunction","magnesium-l-threonate","biological-age","aging-biomarkers","biohacking","quantified-self","consumer-blood-testing","metformin","rapamycin","nootropics","glp-1-receptor-agonists","sleep-and-longevity","enhancement-in-sport","healthspan","exercise-and-aging","geroscience-hypothesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["autophagy","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","coffee-and-aging","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","david-sinclair","enhancement-in-sport","glp-1-receptor-agonists","gut-microbiome","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","heat-and-cold-exposure","human-enhancement","interventions-testing-program","leonard-hayflick","magnesium-l-threonate","mitochondrial-dysfunction","nad-precursors","nootropics","psychedelic-therapy","quantified-self","radiation-hardening-humans","ray-kurzweil","retatrutide","sarcopenia","senolytics","sleep-and-longevity","telomeres-and-telomerase","wearable-health-sensors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/dietary-supplements/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"differential-technological-development","title":"Differential technological development","summary":"Nick Bostrom's proposal to influence the order in which technologies arrive, hastening protective ones and delaying dangerous ones, rather than trying to halt progress.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The US synthetic nucleic acid screening policy is described without a source."],"tags":["governance","risk","biosecurity","existential risk","policy","coordination"],"categories":["society","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1265,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/differential-technological-development","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/differential-technological-development","outbound":["nick-bostrom","existential-risk","asilomar-conference","dual-use-research","mirror-life","somatic-gene-therapy","germline-editing","governance-of-genome-editing","gene-drive","ai-protein-design","synthetic-genomes","recoded-organisms","accelerating-change","precautionary-principle","effective-accelerationism","artificial-general-intelligence","technological-singularity","future-of-humanity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","artificial-general-intelligence","asilomar-conference","dual-use-research","effective-accelerationism","engineered-pandemics","existential-risk","future-of-humanity","gene-drive","grey-goo","intelligence-amplification","max-more","mirror-life","moral-enhancement","nick-bostrom","precautionary-principle","singularitarianism","technological-singularity","technology-readiness-level","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/differential-technological-development/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"digital-immortality","title":"Digital immortality","summary":"The persistence of a person in digital form after death, ranging from chatbot reconstructions built from their data to the hypothetical emulation of their brain.","type":"concept","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The GDPR and Tennessee likeness-law claims carry no source."],"tags":["griefbots","digital afterlife","uploading","identity","data ethics","postmortem privacy"],"categories":["minds","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1209,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/digital-immortality","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/digital-immortality","outbound":["mind-uploading","quantified-self","transhumanism","ray-kurzweil","memory-prosthesis","substrate-independence","personal-identity-and-continuity","mental-privacy","whole-brain-emulation","connectomics","brain-preservation","cryonics","machine-consciousness","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","teleportation-problem"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-preservation","machine-consciousness","mind-uploading","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","personal-identity-and-continuity","substrate-independence","teleportation-problem","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/digital-immortality/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"disability-rights-and-enhancement","title":"Disability rights and enhancement","summary":"The disability-rights critique of selection and enhancement, centred on the expressivist objection, the social model, and the difference between curing and accommodating.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The paused 2021 UK autism genetics study is described without a source.","The claim about prosthetic-hand abandonment rates carries no citation."],"tags":["disability","bioethics","neurodiversity","selection","accessibility","deafness"],"categories":["society","enhancement"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1406,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/disability-rights-and-enhancement","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/disability-rights-and-enhancement","outbound":["embryo-selection","procreative-beneficence","cochlear-implant","retinal-implant","limb-regeneration","brain-computer-interface","myoelectric-prosthetics","exoskeleton","deep-brain-stimulation","enhancement-arms-race","access-and-inequality","polygenic-embryo-screening","bioethics-of-enhancement","bioconservatism","enhancement-in-sport","morphological-freedom"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","artificial-womb","bioconservatism","bioethics-of-enhancement","biohacking","cochlear-implant","cortical-visual-prosthesis","designer-babies","embryo-selection","enhancement-in-sport","exoskeleton","genetic-discrimination","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","germline-editing","human-enhancement","julian-savulescu","leon-kass","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","morphological-freedom","myoelectric-prosthetics","osseointegration","pantropy","polygenic-embryo-screening","posthuman","procreative-beneficence","retinal-implant","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","robotic-avatars","transhumanism","uterus-transplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/disability-rights-and-enhancement/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"dna-nanotechnology","title":"DNA nanotechnology","summary":"The use of DNA as a construction material rather than a carrier of genes, folding programmed sequences into nanoscale shapes, devices, and logic-gated containers.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"No DNA nanostructure has entered a human trial; the strongest results are logic-gated payload release on cultured human cells and thrombin-loaded tubes that slowed tumour growth in mice.","access":"Research use only: scaffolds and staple strands are ordinary laboratory reagents, and no DNA nanostructure is available as a medical product anywhere.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["The gram-scale biological production of scaffold and staples needs a source."],"tags":["nanomedicine","dna origami","self-assembly","molecular machines","drug delivery","biosensing"],"categories":["nanomedicine","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1435,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/dna-nanotechnology","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/dna-nanotechnology","outbound":["lipid-nanoparticles","molecular-assembler","microrobots-in-medicine","medical-nanorobots","eric-drexler","respirocytes","aav-vectors","targeted-drug-delivery","synthetic-genomes","dual-use-research","nanoparticle-diagnostics","george-church","crispr-cas9"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-protein-design","eric-drexler","grey-goo","in-vivo-car-t","lipid-nanoparticles","medical-nanorobots","microrobots-in-medicine","mirror-life","molecular-assembler","nanoparticle-diagnostics","respirocytes","robert-freitas","targeted-drug-delivery"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/dna-nanotechnology/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"dog-aging-project","title":"Dog Aging Project","summary":"A longitudinal study of aging in tens of thousands of companion dogs, paired with TRIAD, a randomized placebo-controlled trial testing whether rapamycin extends canine lifespan.","type":"organization","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["aging","dogs","rapamycin","geroscience","clinical trials","open science","veterinary medicine"],"categories":["organizations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1133,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/dog-aging-project","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/dog-aging-project","outbound":["rapamycin","healthspan","geroscience-hypothesis","interventions-testing-program","loyal","hallmarks-of-aging","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","aging-biomarkers","autophagy","caloric-restriction","nir-barzilai","metformin","compression-of-morbidity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["loyal","maximum-human-lifespan","rapamycin"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/dog-aging-project/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"dual-use-research","title":"Dual-use research of concern","summary":"Life-science research that produces knowledge or tools with legitimate purposes but foreseeable potential for catastrophic misuse, and the oversight regimes built around it.","type":"risk","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No documented case exists of published dual-use research being used to cause mass harm; the recorded human toll is from laboratory-acquired infections and containment failures.","access":"The enabling capability is widely available: gene synthesis is a commercial service and pathogen sequences are public, with order screening voluntary and incomplete.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The 2025 report of AI-designed toxin variants evading synthesis screening has no citation."],"tags":["biosecurity","governance","pandemics","gain of function","policy","risk"],"categories":["society","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1441,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/dual-use-research","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/dual-use-research","outbound":["existential-risk","gene-drive","mirror-life","grey-goo","nick-bostrom","crispr-cas9","synthetic-genomes","ai-drug-discovery","ai-protein-design","artificial-general-intelligence","recoded-organisms","asilomar-conference","he-jiankui-affair","governance-of-genome-editing","differential-technological-development","precautionary-principle"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-drug-discovery","ai-protein-design","artificial-general-intelligence","asilomar-conference","biohacking","crispr-cas9","differential-technological-development","dna-nanotechnology","effective-accelerationism","emmanuelle-charpentier","engineered-pandemics","existential-risk","future-of-humanity","gene-drive","governance-of-genome-editing","grey-goo","isomorphic-labs","lipid-nanoparticles","mirror-life","moral-enhancement","nick-bostrom","precautionary-principle","recoded-organisms","somatic-gene-therapy","synthetic-genomes","virtual-cell-models","xenobots"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/dual-use-research/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"ectogenesis","title":"Ectogenesis","summary":"The development of a mammalian embryo or fetus outside a body, either for part of gestation or for all of it, and the ethical arguments the prospect generates.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"2040s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No part of human gestation has been sustained outside a body; the closest results are weeks of survival in preterm lambs and mouse embryos cultured to roughly half of gestation.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 1960s human fetal perfusion experiments are covered only in artificial-womb and are not summarised here."],"tags":["reproduction","ectogenesis","bioethics","feminism","abortion","personhood"],"categories":["reproduction","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1430,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/ectogenesis","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/ectogenesis","outbound":["transhumanism","posthuman","artificial-womb","synthetic-embryos","in-vitro-gametogenesis","morphological-freedom","embryo-selection","uterus-transplantation","human-cloning","access-and-inequality","bioconservatism","procreative-beneficence","bioethics-of-enhancement","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","lab-grown-organs","reproductive-longevity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-womb","colossal-biosciences","de-extinction","generation-ship-biology","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vitro-gametogenesis","synthetic-embryos","uterus-transplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/ectogenesis/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"effective-accelerationism","title":"Effective accelerationism","summary":"An online techno-optimist movement holding that technological acceleration is a moral imperative and that precautionary restraint on AI causes more harm than it prevents.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The criticism of the Marinetti reference is reported without a citation."],"tags":["movements","artificial intelligence","technology policy","optimism","ai safety","internet culture"],"categories":["people","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1468,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/effective-accelerationism","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/effective-accelerationism","outbound":["artificial-general-intelligence","extropianism","max-more","precautionary-principle","human-enhancement","germline-editing","dual-use-research","existential-risk","technological-singularity","singularitarianism","morphological-freedom","transhumanism","differential-technological-development","nick-bostrom","access-and-inequality","bioconservatism"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","differential-technological-development","extropianism","fm-2030","max-more","precautionary-principle","singularitarianism","technological-singularity","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/effective-accelerationism/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"ecog-interfaces","title":"Electrocorticography interfaces","summary":"Brain-computer interfaces that record from electrode arrays resting on the cortical surface rather than penetrating it, trading single-neuron resolution for stability and coverage.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"Almost the entire evidence base is human: epilepsy patients temporarily implanted for seizure mapping, plus single participants with paralysis or ALS who have used chronic arrays for speech, cursor and walking control.","access":"Clinical grids are cleared only for temporary use around epilepsy surgery; every chronic interface use is a small investigational study, and no chronic product is approved.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The 2025 US clearance for a high-density cortical film is neither named nor sourced."],"tags":["bci","ecog","speech decoding","neural recording","implants","epilepsy"],"categories":["cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1148,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/ecog-interfaces","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/ecog-interfaces","outbound":["utah-array","brain-computer-interface","neural-decoding","memory-prosthesis","speech-neuroprosthesis","exoskeleton","neuroprosthetics","deep-brain-stimulation","neuralink","stentrode","mental-privacy","connectomics"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-computer-interface","brain-to-brain-interface","cortical-visual-prosthesis","memory-prosthesis","mental-privacy","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","neural-decoding","neural-dust","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","speech-neuroprosthesis","stentrode","synchron","utah-array"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/ecog-interfaces/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"embryo-selection","title":"Embryo selection","summary":"Testing embryos created by IVF and choosing which to transfer, a routine clinical practice for single-gene disease whose extension to complex traits remains disputed.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"In human clinical use since the first births from biopsied embryos in 1990: testing for a known single-gene variant reliably identifies affected embryos, while randomized trials of aneuploidy screening have not shown higher live-birth rates.","access":"Legal and clinically available in nearly every country with IVF, but a cycle with genetic testing costs more than most health systems will reimburse for a couple who are not infertile.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The 2008 UK legislation on tissue-type matching is described without a citation.","The claim that PGT-A is used on a large share of cycles in some markets carries no source."],"tags":["reproduction","ivf","embryo selection","genomics","bioethics","screening"],"categories":["reproduction","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1557,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/embryo-selection","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/embryo-selection","outbound":["designer-babies","polygenic-embryo-screening","consumer-blood-testing","in-vitro-gametogenesis","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","synthetic-embryos","disability-rights-and-enhancement","governance-of-genome-editing","procreative-beneficence","bioethics-of-enhancement","access-and-inequality","germline-editing","genetic-discrimination","crispr-off-target-effects","he-jiankui-affair","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","nanoparticle-diagnostics","reproductive-longevity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","artificial-womb","bioethics-of-enhancement","casgevy","crispr-off-target-effects","designer-babies","disability-rights-and-enhancement","ectogenesis","generation-ship-biology","genetic-discrimination","germline-editing","he-jiankui-affair","human-cloning","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vitro-gametogenesis","julian-savulescu","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","pantropy","polygenic-embryo-screening","procreative-beneficence","reproductive-longevity","sleep-reduction","synthetic-embryos","uterus-transplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/embryo-selection/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"emmanuelle-charpentier","title":"Emmanuelle Charpentier","summary":"French microbiologist who identified the second RNA that CRISPR-Cas9 requires, co-authored the 2012 paper that made the system programmable, and shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["crispr","gene editing","rna","nobel prize","microbiology","bacteria"],"categories":["people","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1316,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/emmanuelle-charpentier","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/emmanuelle-charpentier","outbound":["jennifer-doudna","crispr-cas9","george-church","casgevy","access-and-inequality","lipid-nanoparticles","crispr-off-target-effects","base-editing","prime-editing","epigenome-editing","germline-editing","he-jiankui-affair","gene-drive","dual-use-research","governance-of-genome-editing","somatic-gene-therapy"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["jennifer-doudna"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/emmanuelle-charpentier/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"engineered-pandemics","title":"Engineered pandemics","summary":"Outbreaks caused by a pathogen deliberately modified, synthesised, or released rather than one that emerged from nature, and the biosecurity programme built around preventing them.","type":"risk","status":"speculative","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No engineered pathogen has caused a pandemic; the documented toll from deliberate or accidental release runs to dozens of deaths, chiefly the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax escape and the 2001 anthrax letters.","access":"The enabling inputs are ordinary: pathogen sequences are published, synthetic DNA is a commercial service, and order screening is voluntary in most jurisdictions.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["Wastewater and travel-hub metagenomic surveillance programmes are described without citations."],"tags":["biosecurity","pandemics","gain of function","governance","catastrophic risk","synthetic biology"],"categories":["society","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1466,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/engineered-pandemics","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/engineered-pandemics","outbound":["immunosenescence","biohacking","crispr-cas9","dual-use-research","ai-protein-design","existential-risk","gene-drive","mirror-life","nick-bostrom","lipid-nanoparticles","governance-of-genome-editing","recoded-organisms","differential-technological-development","asilomar-conference","precautionary-principle","synthetic-genomes"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["immunosenescence","isomorphic-labs"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/engineered-pandemics/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"sleep-reduction","title":"Engineered sleep reduction","summary":"The proposal to shorten the amount of sleep a person needs without incurring the costs of sleep deprivation, based on rare short-sleep gene variants and wake-promoting drugs.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"2040s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No human demonstration exists. The evidence is rare families carrying short-sleep variants, described in small pedigrees with self-report and limited cognitive testing, plus mouse models of those variants.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2025 phase 3 orexin agonist result in narcolepsy is stated without a source."],"tags":["sleep","enhancement","genetics","pharmacology","cognition","circadian"],"categories":["enhancement"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1450,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/sleep-reduction","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/sleep-reduction","outbound":["proteostasis","embryo-selection","nootropics","human-hibernation","space-medicine","germline-editing","human-enhancement","aav-vectors","sleep-and-longevity","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","exercise-and-aging","bioethics-of-enhancement","enhancement-arms-race","intelligence-amplification","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["enhancement-arms-race","glymphatic-system","non-invasive-neuromodulation","nootropics","pantropy","sleep-and-longevity"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/sleep-reduction/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"enhancement-arms-race","title":"Enhancement arms race","summary":"The argument that competitive pressure makes enhancement effectively compulsory, so that individually rational adoption leaves everyone worse off.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"2030s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2020 op-ed claim about a foreign military enhancement programme carries no citation.","The military section states the amphetamine and friendly-fire history without sources."],"tags":["enhancement","coercion","sport","military","economics","policy"],"categories":["society","enhancement"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1363,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/enhancement-arms-race","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/enhancement-arms-race","outbound":["human-enhancement","bioethics-of-enhancement","access-and-inequality","enhancement-in-sport","gene-doping","non-invasive-neuromodulation","exoskeleton","myostatin-inhibition","sleep-reduction","morphological-freedom","nootropics","polygenic-embryo-screening","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","moral-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","bioethics-of-enhancement","disability-rights-and-enhancement","enhancement-in-sport","exoskeleton","gene-doping","genetic-discrimination","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","human-enhancement","morphological-freedom","nootropics","sleep-reduction"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/enhancement-arms-race/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"enhancement-in-sport","title":"Enhancement in sport","summary":"The regulation of performance enhancement in competition, the only domain that draws an operational line between therapy and enhancement and litigates it case by case.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The Code's listing criteria and the 2009 biological passport date carry no citation.","The 2016 exemption-record leak is described without a source."],"tags":["sport","doping","regulation","fairness","prosthetics","eligibility"],"categories":["enhancement","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1599,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/enhancement-in-sport","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/enhancement-in-sport","outbound":["human-enhancement","dietary-supplements","gene-doping","myostatin-inhibition","nootropics","enhancement-arms-race","exoskeleton","myoelectric-prosthetics","osseointegration","disability-rights-and-enhancement","bioethics-of-enhancement","morphological-freedom","hallmarks-of-aging","genetic-discrimination","mental-privacy"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["bioethics-of-enhancement","dietary-supplements","disability-rights-and-enhancement","enhancement-arms-race","exercise-and-aging","exoskeleton","gene-doping","heat-and-cold-exposure","human-enhancement","julian-savulescu","leon-kass","magnesium-l-threonate","morphological-freedom","myoelectric-prosthetics","myostatin-inhibition","non-invasive-neuromodulation","nootropics","osseointegration","respirocytes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/enhancement-in-sport/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"epigenetic-clock","title":"Epigenetic clocks","summary":"Statistical predictors that estimate age or mortality risk from DNA methylation patterns at selected sites in the genome.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"Built and validated in large human cohorts, where age acceleration predicts mortality and disease modestly; no trial has shown that moving a clock reading changes an outcome.","access":"Sold direct to consumer as mail-in methylation tests and available as a research assay on standard arrays; no clock is an approved clinical test or an accepted regulatory endpoint.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["The consumer-testing section makes claims about company practice with no citations."],"tags":["epigenetics","biomarkers","aging","dna methylation","measurement"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1542,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/epigenetic-clock","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/epigenetic-clock","outbound":["telomeres-and-telomerase","hallmarks-of-aging","steve-horvath","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","inflammaging","blue-zones","maximum-human-lifespan","aging-biomarkers","metformin","caloric-restriction","epigenetic-reprogramming","negligible-senescence","rapamycin","senolytics","parabiosis-and-young-blood","consumer-blood-testing","biological-age","bryan-johnson","blueprint-protocol","xprize-healthspan","geroscience-hypothesis","healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","aging-biomarkers","ai-drug-discovery","altos-labs","biological-age","blue-zones","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","buck-institute","caloric-restriction","cancer","coffee-and-aging","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","david-sinclair","dietary-supplements","dog-aging-project","epigenetic-reprogramming","epigenome-editing","exercise-and-aging","gene-therapy-for-aging","glp-1-receptor-agonists","gut-microbiome","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","heat-and-cold-exposure","immunosenescence","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","inflammaging","klotho","leonard-hayflick","longevity-escape-velocity","loyal","maximum-human-lifespan","metformin","nad-precursors","nanoparticle-diagnostics","negligible-senescence","newlimit","nir-barzilai","parabiosis-and-young-blood","partial-reprogramming","progeria","quantified-self","rapamycin","reproductive-longevity","senolytics","shinya-yamanaka","sleep-and-longevity","space-medicine","steve-horvath","telomeres-and-telomerase","wearable-health-sensors","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/epigenetic-clock/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"epigenetic-reprogramming","title":"Epigenetic reprogramming","summary":"The use of pluripotency factors to reset age-associated marks on DNA and chromatin, restoring youthful gene expression in cells without converting them into stem cells.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":3,"humanEvidence":"No person has been treated with reprogramming as a rejuvenation therapy: those results are from mice or cultured human cells, where transient reprogramming lowered methylation age without loss of fibroblast identity. Full reprogramming to iPSCs is separate.","access":"Nothing to obtain outside the laboratory; no partial-reprogramming therapy has published clinical data, and companies have so far stated only an intention to file for first-in-human trials.","reversibility":"context","issues":["The company-authored old-mouse lifespan result is described without a citation."],"tags":["reprogramming","epigenetics","rejuvenation","gene therapy","aging","stem cells"],"categories":["longevity","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1751,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/epigenetic-reprogramming","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/epigenetic-reprogramming","outbound":["epigenetic-clock","hallmarks-of-aging","david-sinclair","yamanaka-factors","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","partial-reprogramming","aav-vectors","lipid-nanoparticles","senolytics","geroscience-hypothesis","altos-labs","steve-horvath","shinya-yamanaka","newlimit","retro-biosciences","autophagy","calico","cellular-senescence","inflammaging","somatic-gene-therapy","biological-age","aging-biomarkers","longevity-escape-velocity","telomeres-and-telomerase","gene-therapy-for-aging"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["altos-labs","aubrey-de-grey","biological-age","cancer","david-sinclair","epigenetic-clock","epigenome-editing","gene-therapy-for-aging","hallmarks-of-aging","human-cloning","in-vitro-gametogenesis","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","limb-regeneration","longevity-escape-velocity","metformin","newlimit","organ-bioprinting","parabiosis-and-young-blood","partial-reprogramming","progeria","proteostasis","ray-kurzweil","retro-biosciences","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","shinya-yamanaka","stem-cell-exhaustion","steve-horvath","tissue-engineering","transhumanism","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/epigenetic-reprogramming/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"epigenome-editing","title":"Epigenome editing","summary":"Targeted modification of the chemical marks that control gene expression, switching a gene off or on without altering the underlying DNA sequence.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"Early-phase trials in chronic hepatitis B and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy are reported to have dosed patients in 2024 and 2025, with no published results; the year-long silencing results are from mice.","access":"Not obtainable outside company-run clinical trials; no epigenetic editor has been approved by any regulator.","reversibility":"context","issues":["Programme statuses in Current state are described without citations to registry records."],"tags":["crispr","epigenetics","gene regulation","gene therapy","dna methylation","biotechnology"],"categories":["genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1287,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/epigenome-editing","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/epigenome-editing","outbound":["base-editing","prime-editing","crispr-cas9","somatic-gene-therapy","casgevy","aav-vectors","lipid-nanoparticles","crispr-off-target-effects","epigenetic-reprogramming","yamanaka-factors","partial-reprogramming","newlimit","epigenetic-clock","governance-of-genome-editing","germline-editing"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","ai-protein-design","base-editing","casgevy","crispr-cas9","crispr-off-target-effects","emmanuelle-charpentier","gene-doping","in-vivo-car-t","jennifer-doudna","prime-editing","somatic-gene-therapy","virtual-cell-models","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/epigenome-editing/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"eric-drexler","title":"Eric Drexler","summary":"American engineer who proposed molecular nanotechnology, wrote Engines of Creation and Nanosystems, and later worked on AI strategy at Oxford.","type":"person","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["nanotechnology","molecular manufacturing","grey goo","foresight","artificial intelligence"],"categories":["people","nanomedicine"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1145,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/eric-drexler","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/eric-drexler","outbound":["grey-goo","nick-bostrom","anders-sandberg","molecular-assembler","existential-risk","precautionary-principle","artificial-general-intelligence","ai-protein-design","dna-nanotechnology","microrobots-in-medicine","lipid-nanoparticles","targeted-drug-delivery","medical-nanorobots","respirocytes"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["anders-sandberg","cryonics","dna-nanotechnology","extropianism","grey-goo","medical-nanorobots","molecular-assembler","nick-bostrom","ray-kurzweil","respirocytes","robert-freitas"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/eric-drexler/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"exercise-and-aging","title":"Exercise as a geroprotector","summary":"Structured physical activity, the intervention with the strongest evidence for extending healthy life in humans and the benchmark any geroprotective drug must beat.","type":"intervention","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"A randomized trial in sedentary adults aged 70 to 89 lowered incident mobility disability, and large human cohorts link fitness to lower mortality; no trial has tested lifespan.","access":"Freely available and close to costless: guideline-level activity requires no prescription, and adherence rather than price or supply is the binding constraint.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["The claim that two trials found metformin blunted training adaptations carries no citation.","The per-decade decline in VO2max is stated without a source."],"tags":["exercise","cardiorespiratory fitness","sarcopenia","aging","healthspan","clinical trials"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1098,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/exercise-and-aging","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/exercise-and-aging","outbound":["geroscience-hypothesis","senolytics","rapamycin","nad-precursors","hallmarks-of-aging","mitochondrial-dysfunction","autophagy","inflammaging","sarcopenia","parabiosis-and-young-blood","heat-and-cold-exposure","metformin","caloric-restriction","aging-biomarkers","xprize-healthspan","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","gene-doping","enhancement-in-sport","exoskeleton","glp-1-receptor-agonists","healthspan","compression-of-morbidity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","aging-biomarkers","alzheimers-disease","autophagy","biological-age","blue-zones","blueprint-protocol","calico","caloric-restriction","coffee-and-aging","compression-of-morbidity","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","cynthia-kenyon","dietary-supplements","exoskeleton","gene-doping","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","gut-microbiome","healthspan","heat-and-cold-exposure","immunosenescence","inflammaging","klotho","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","magnesium-l-threonate","metformin","microgravity-adaptation","mitochondrial-dysfunction","myostatin-inhibition","nad-precursors","naked-mole-rat","nir-barzilai","nootropics","parabiosis-and-young-blood","rapamycin","ray-kurzweil","sarcopenia","senolytics","sleep-and-longevity","sleep-reduction","space-medicine","stem-cell-exhaustion","telomeres-and-telomerase","wearable-health-sensors","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/exercise-and-aging/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"existential-risk","title":"Existential risk","summary":"The category of risks that would end humanity or permanently destroy its potential, and the research programme built around identifying and reducing them.","type":"risk","status":"contested","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No existential catastrophe has occurred, so the anthropogenic probabilities are stated credences rather than estimates from data; only the natural background rate is bounded, by the fossil and geological record.","access":null,"reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The 2022 asteroid deflection result is stated without a citation."],"tags":["risk","governance","biosecurity","longtermism","forecasting","policy"],"categories":["society","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1588,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/existential-risk","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/existential-risk","outbound":["nick-bostrom","gene-drive","mirror-life","grey-goo","artificial-general-intelligence","technological-singularity","future-of-humanity","machine-consciousness","dual-use-research","synthetic-genomes","ai-protein-design","transhumanism","differential-technological-development","precautionary-principle"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-drug-discovery","ai-protein-design","anders-sandberg","artificial-general-intelligence","closed-loop-life-support","differential-technological-development","dual-use-research","effective-accelerationism","engineered-pandemics","eric-drexler","extropianism","future-of-humanity","gene-drive","generation-ship-biology","grey-goo","humanity-plus","intelligence-amplification","julian-savulescu","machine-consciousness","mirror-life","molecular-assembler","moral-enhancement","nick-bostrom","precautionary-principle","robert-freitas","singularitarianism","synthetic-genomes","technological-singularity","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/existential-risk/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"extropianism","title":"Extropianism","summary":"The first organized transhumanist movement, built around a set of optimistic principles for self-directed human transformation and dissolved as an institution in 2006.","type":"concept","status":"historical","horizon":"historical","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The mailing-list section names many participants without a citation.","The Extropy Institute's 2006 closing statement is paraphrased with no source."],"tags":["transhumanism","movements","libertarianism","extropy","intellectual history","mailing lists"],"categories":["people"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1221,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/extropianism","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/extropianism","outbound":["transhumanism","artificial-general-intelligence","cryonics","eric-drexler","nootropics","morphological-freedom","precautionary-principle","humanity-plus","nick-bostrom","anders-sandberg","existential-risk","whole-brain-emulation","ray-kurzweil","alcor","longevity-escape-velocity","natasha-vita-more","effective-accelerationism","biohacking","singularitarianism","posthuman","medical-nanorobots","mind-uploading","human-enhancement","access-and-inequality","max-more"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alcor","effective-accelerationism","fm-2030","humanity-plus","max-more","natasha-vita-more","nick-bostrom","precautionary-principle","ray-kurzweil","singularitarianism","technological-singularity","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/extropianism/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"face-and-hand-transplantation","title":"Face and hand transplantation","summary":"The transplantation of a donor's face, hand or arm as one living unit of skin, muscle, bone, nerve and vessel, a graft that improves a life rather than saving it.","type":"intervention","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"About 53 face and 151 hand transplants were reported worldwide by the end of 2024, in case reports, registries and cohort reviews with no randomized trials; most grafts survive for years, but most recipients have rejection episodes.","access":"Offered at a small number of specialist centres, mostly under research protocols; US insurers do not cover it, so grants, philanthropy and hospitals pay; a Leeds service offers hand transplants as standard care.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["Hand transplant counts differ by unit (limbs or patients) between sources; reconcile when a registry update appears.","No published cost per procedure was found; add one if a reliable figure appears.","Scalp, lower-limb, penile and laryngeal grafts get one paragraph; their outcomes are not surveyed.","Funding and coverage are described for the US and UK only."],"tags":["transplantation","immunology","immunosuppression","surgery","amputation","prosthetics","identity","bioethics"],"categories":["bodies","society"],"updated":"2026-10-30","wordCount":2599,"readingMinutes":12,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/face-and-hand-transplantation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/face-and-hand-transplantation","outbound":["cortical-visual-prosthesis","uterus-transplantation","cancer","head-transplant","personal-identity-and-continuity","morphological-freedom","neuroprosthetics","myoelectric-prosthetics","organ-shortage","access-and-inequality","limb-regeneration","tissue-engineering","osseointegration","xenotransplantation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["head-transplant","limb-regeneration","morphological-freedom"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/face-and-hand-transplantation/history","revisions":1,"edits":0,"currentRevision":1,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-30T07:48:12.338Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"fm-2030","title":"FM-2030","summary":"Iranian-American futurist, born Fereidoun M. Esfandiary, who defined the transhuman as a transitional being and was cryopreserved on his death in 2000.","type":"person","status":"historical","horizon":"historical","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Sources disagree on when he took the name FM-2030; the article gives the range rather than a date."],"tags":["transhumanism","futurism","cryonics","identity","life extension"],"categories":["people"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1215,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/fm-2030","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/fm-2030","outbound":["transhumanism","effective-accelerationism","longevity-dividend","posthuman","alcor","cryonics","brain-preservation","max-more","extropianism","natasha-vita-more","morphological-freedom","personal-identity-and-continuity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alcor","cryonics","humanity-plus","max-more","posthuman","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/fm-2030/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"future-of-humanity","title":"Future of humanity","summary":"The study of humanity's possible long-run trajectories, conventionally grouped into extinction, recurrent collapse, plateau, and posthuman transformation.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The demographic figures in keyfacts and the life-expectancy claim carry no footnote."],"tags":["forecasting","existential risk","longtermism","demography","trajectories","philosophy"],"categories":["foundations","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1939,"readingMinutes":9,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/future-of-humanity","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/future-of-humanity","outbound":["nick-bostrom","posthuman","overpopulation-and-longevity","longevity-dividend","compression-of-morbidity","anders-sandberg","geroscience-hypothesis","hallmarks-of-aging","longevity-escape-velocity","crispr-cas9","germline-editing","in-vitro-gametogenesis","artificial-womb","brain-computer-interface","whole-brain-emulation","organ-bioprinting","artificial-general-intelligence","dual-use-research","mirror-life","accelerating-change","ai-protein-design","precautionary-principle","access-and-inequality","existential-risk","differential-technological-development","technological-singularity","transhumanism"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","anders-sandberg","artificial-general-intelligence","closed-loop-life-support","differential-technological-development","existential-risk","generation-ship-biology","pantropy","posthuman","technological-singularity","technology-readiness-level","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/future-of-humanity/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"gene-doping","title":"Gene doping","summary":"The non-therapeutic use of gene transfer or gene regulation to improve athletic performance, prohibited in sport since the early 2000s with no publicly confirmed case.","type":"concept","status":"experimental","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["sport","enhancement","gene therapy","doping","detection","regulation"],"categories":["enhancement","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1364,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/gene-doping","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/gene-doping","outbound":["myostatin-inhibition","crispr-cas9","epigenome-editing","enhancement-in-sport","gene-therapy-for-aging","aav-vectors","biohacking","somatic-gene-therapy","crispr-off-target-effects","exercise-and-aging","enhancement-arms-race","human-enhancement","lipid-nanoparticles"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","biohacking","enhancement-arms-race","enhancement-in-sport","exercise-and-aging","governance-of-genome-editing","julian-savulescu","myostatin-inhibition","nootropics","respirocytes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/gene-doping/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"gene-drive","title":"Gene drives","summary":"Genetic elements engineered to bias their own inheritance above the Mendelian half, allowing an introduced trait to spread through a wild population.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"No drive-carrying organism has been released anywhere as of 2026, so the human outcome claimed for the technology, reduced malaria transmission, is untested; every suppression result comes from caged mosquito populations.","access":"Nothing to obtain: drives exist only in contained laboratory and cage colonies, and no regulator anywhere has authorised a field release.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["Governance section cites the 2016 National Academies report and the CBD decisions without footnotes."],"tags":["crispr","malaria","ecology","biosafety","governance","mosquitoes"],"categories":["genetics","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1548,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/gene-drive","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/gene-drive","outbound":["crispr-cas9","george-church","asilomar-conference","de-extinction","colossal-biosciences","recoded-organisms","crispr-off-target-effects","mirror-life","dual-use-research","germline-editing","governance-of-genome-editing","precautionary-principle","existential-risk","differential-technological-development"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["asilomar-conference","colossal-biosciences","crispr-cas9","crispr-off-target-effects","de-extinction","differential-technological-development","dual-use-research","emmanuelle-charpentier","engineered-pandemics","existential-risk","george-church","governance-of-genome-editing","grey-goo","medical-nanorobots","mirror-life","precautionary-principle","recoded-organisms","synthetic-genomes","xenobots"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/gene-drive/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"gene-therapy-for-aging","title":"Gene therapy for aging","summary":"The use of delivered genes to modify aging biology systemically, demonstrated in mice with telomerase and other constructs and untested in any controlled human trial.","type":"intervention","status":"experimental","horizon":"2040s","trl":3,"humanEvidence":"No controlled trial has tested any of these constructs against aging in people; the human record is self-administration and single-arm offshore studies without published results, plus early-phase trials in muscle and eye disease.","access":"Not approved for any aging indication; offshore ventures have charged for unapproved telomerase and follistatin constructs at reported prices from about $25,000 to $1 million per dose.","reversibility":"context","issues":["The klotho monkey result is stated without a source.","Minicircle's announced 2026 commercial klotho offering is not covered pending a primary source."],"tags":["gene therapy","aav","telomerase","klotho","follistatin","aging","self-experimentation"],"categories":["longevity","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1429,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/gene-therapy-for-aging","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/gene-therapy-for-aging","outbound":["somatic-gene-therapy","telomeres-and-telomerase","klotho","myostatin-inhibition","yamanaka-factors","epigenetic-reprogramming","partial-reprogramming","hallmarks-of-aging","aav-vectors","lipid-nanoparticles","geroscience-hypothesis","metformin","bryan-johnson","base-editing","aging-biomarkers","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","access-and-inequality","senolytics"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","ai-drug-discovery","alzheimers-disease","base-editing","biohacking","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","cynthia-kenyon","epigenetic-reprogramming","gene-doping","george-church","in-vivo-car-t","klotho","lipid-nanoparticles","mitochondrial-dysfunction","myostatin-inhibition","naked-mole-rat","negligible-senescence","parabiosis-and-young-blood","partial-reprogramming","prime-editing","progeria","ray-kurzweil","senolytics","sens-research-foundation","somatic-gene-therapy","targeted-drug-delivery","technology-readiness-level","telomeres-and-telomerase","transhumanism","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/gene-therapy-for-aging/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"generation-ship-biology","title":"Generation ship biology","summary":"The biological requirements of a crewed voyage lasting generations: population genetics, reproduction and development off Earth, and consent for people born in transit.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No human has been conceived, gestated, or born beyond Earth, and no agency has studied conception in flight; the mammalian record is mouse embryos cultured in orbit and rodents flown during part of gestation.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The Biosphere 2 oxygen decline and the medaka and rat spaceflight results carry no citations."],"tags":["interstellar","population genetics","reproduction","closed ecology","consent","spaceflight"],"categories":["space","reproduction"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1527,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/generation-ship-biology","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/generation-ship-biology","outbound":["mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","reproductive-longevity","embryo-selection","in-vitro-gametogenesis","space-medicine","radiation-hardening-humans","pantropy","closed-loop-life-support","procreative-beneficence","genetic-discrimination","artificial-womb","ectogenesis","human-hibernation","whole-brain-emulation","future-of-humanity","existential-risk"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["closed-loop-life-support","human-hibernation","microgravity-adaptation","overpopulation-and-longevity","pantropy","radiation-hardening-humans","space-medicine"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/generation-ship-biology/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"recoded-organisms","title":"Genetic code expansion and recoding","summary":"Altering how a cell reads DNA so that reassigned codons encode amino acids not found in nature, producing organisms with chemistry and immunity no natural cell has.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2040s","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"No recoded mammal or person exists; genome recoding has been demonstrated only in bacteria, and the nearest contact with patients is investigational antibody conjugates built using non-standard amino acids.","access":"Not a clinical or consumer technology: recoded strains exist in a handful of academic laboratories, and the only products near patients are investigational antibody conjugates.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The clinical progress of site-specific antibody conjugates is stated without a source"],"tags":["synthetic biology","genetic code","protein engineering","biocontainment","virus resistance"],"categories":["genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1374,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/recoded-organisms","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/recoded-organisms","outbound":["crispr-cas9","prime-editing","synthetic-genomes","george-church","targeted-drug-delivery","gene-drive","mirror-life","dual-use-research","precautionary-principle","xenotransplantation","germline-editing","governance-of-genome-editing"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-protein-design","asilomar-conference","closed-loop-life-support","colossal-biosciences","de-extinction","differential-technological-development","dual-use-research","engineered-pandemics","gene-drive","george-church","microrobots-in-medicine","mirror-life","prime-editing","synthetic-genomes","xenobots","xenotransplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/recoded-organisms/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"genetic-discrimination","title":"Genetic discrimination","summary":"Differential treatment of people on the basis of genetic information, and the uneven legal regime that restricts it in employment and health cover but rarely elsewhere.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The consumer-genomics breach, the 2025 bankruptcy, and the Florida and Australia changes are uncited."],"tags":["law","privacy","insurance","employment","gina","genomics"],"categories":["society","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1535,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/genetic-discrimination","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/genetic-discrimination","outbound":["consumer-blood-testing","nanoparticle-diagnostics","somatic-gene-therapy","polygenic-embryo-screening","enhancement-arms-race","embryo-selection","governance-of-genome-editing","germline-editing","access-and-inequality","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","designer-babies","neurorights","disability-rights-and-enhancement","mental-privacy"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","biohub","consumer-blood-testing","embryo-selection","enhancement-in-sport","generation-ship-biology","george-church","human-digital-twins","mental-privacy","nanoparticle-diagnostics","neurorights","polygenic-embryo-screening","quantified-self","radiation-hardening-humans","somatic-gene-therapy","virtual-cell-models","wearable-health-sensors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/genetic-discrimination/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","title":"Genetic enhancement of cognition","summary":"The proposal to raise human cognitive ability by selecting or editing genetic variants, constrained by the extreme polygenicity of the trait and by pleiotropy.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"2040s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No human has been genetically enhanced for cognition; the human data are polygenic scores whose accuracy between siblings, the comparison an embryo choice actually faces, is well below their accuracy across strangers.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The infobox heritability range of 50-80 per cent is given without a citation."],"tags":["cognition","polygenic scores","gwas","enhancement","genomics","heritability"],"categories":["enhancement","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1670,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","outbound":["polygenic-embryo-screening","in-vitro-gametogenesis","germline-editing","crispr-off-target-effects","base-editing","prime-editing","aav-vectors","somatic-gene-therapy","nootropics","human-enhancement","procreative-beneficence","disability-rights-and-enhancement","access-and-inequality","enhancement-arms-race","proteostasis","designer-babies","intelligence-amplification","bioethics-of-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","bioethics-of-enhancement","designer-babies","embryo-selection","enhancement-arms-race","genetic-discrimination","germline-editing","human-enhancement","in-vitro-gametogenesis","intelligence-amplification","klotho","moral-enhancement","nootropics","pantropy","polygenic-embryo-screening","posthuman","procreative-beneficence","sleep-reduction"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"george-church","title":"George Church","summary":"American geneticist who helped invent direct genomic sequencing, founded the Personal Genome Project, and co-founded dozens of biotechnology companies.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The Epstein funding, the 2019 dating-app proposal, and the dire wolf criticism are uncited."],"tags":["genomics","synthetic biology","gene editing","de-extinction","xenotransplantation","sequencing"],"categories":["people","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":936,"readingMinutes":4,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/george-church","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/george-church","outbound":["genetic-discrimination","recoded-organisms","synthetic-genomes","xenotransplantation","colossal-biosciences","de-extinction","aav-vectors","myostatin-inhibition","gene-therapy-for-aging","gene-drive","governance-of-genome-editing","mirror-life","jennifer-doudna","crispr-cas9"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["colossal-biosciences","connectomics","crispr-cas9","dna-nanotechnology","emmanuelle-charpentier","gene-drive","he-jiankui-affair","jennifer-doudna","recoded-organisms","synthetic-genomes","xenotransplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/george-church/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"geroscience-hypothesis","title":"Geroscience hypothesis","summary":"The proposition that aging is the shared upstream driver of most chronic disease, so that slowing it would delay many conditions at once instead of one at a time.","type":"concept","status":"emerging","horizon":"2030s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No randomised trial has shown that any intervention slows human aging; the human support is observational, from long-lived families and from an Ecuadorian Laron cohort with less cancer and diabetes but no longer life.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The three-year competing-risk figure is attributed to standard estimates without a citation."],"tags":["aging","chronic disease","clinical trials","regulation","biogerontology"],"categories":["longevity","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1190,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/geroscience-hypothesis","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/geroscience-hypothesis","outbound":["compression-of-morbidity","cynthia-kenyon","hallmarks-of-aging","proteostasis","inflammaging","stem-cell-exhaustion","longevity-dividend","buck-institute","caloric-restriction","rapamycin","senolytics","exercise-and-aging","metformin","nad-precursors","mitochondrial-dysfunction","autophagy","telomeres-and-telomerase","loyal","nir-barzilai","aging-biomarkers","longevity-escape-velocity","maximum-human-lifespan","healthspan","xprize-healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","aging-biomarkers","ai-drug-discovery","altos-labs","alzheimers-disease","aubrey-de-grey","autophagy","biological-age","blue-zones","buck-institute","calico","caloric-restriction","cancer","cellular-senescence","compression-of-morbidity","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","cynthia-kenyon","david-sinclair","dietary-supplements","dog-aging-project","epigenetic-clock","epigenetic-reprogramming","exercise-and-aging","future-of-humanity","gene-therapy-for-aging","glp-1-receptor-agonists","glymphatic-system","gut-microbiome","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","heat-and-cold-exposure","immunosenescence","inflammaging","interventions-testing-program","isomorphic-labs","klotho","leonard-hayflick","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","loyal","magnesium-l-threonate","maximum-human-lifespan","metformin","nad-precursors","naked-mole-rat","nanoparticle-diagnostics","negligible-senescence","newlimit","nir-barzilai","organ-shortage","overpopulation-and-longevity","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","progeria","proteostasis","rapamycin","reproductive-longevity","retatrutide","retro-biosciences","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","sarcopenia","senolytics","sens-research-foundation","sleep-and-longevity","space-medicine","steve-horvath","technology-readiness-level","telomeres-and-telomerase","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/geroscience-hypothesis/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"glp-1-receptor-agonists","title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists","summary":"Drugs that mimic the gut hormone GLP-1 to lower blood glucose and food intake, producing large weight loss that persists only while treatment continues.","type":"intervention","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Randomized trials in tens of thousands of adults show sustained weight loss and fewer cardiovascular events in people with overweight or obesity and established heart disease; no human trial has tested lifespan.","access":"Approved and widely prescribed in most high-income countries; payer coverage is heavily restricted, US list prices are on the order of $1,000 a month beside cheaper self-pay and a $50 Medicare pilot copay, and India has had generic semaglutide since 2026.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Lean-mass loss is described qualitatively; a sourced body-composition figure would be better.","Pricing and coverage detail is US-centric and moves quickly."],"tags":["obesity","incretins","diabetes","clinical trials","metabolic health","drug access"],"categories":["longevity","society"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":2412,"readingMinutes":11,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/glp-1-receptor-agonists","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/glp-1-receptor-agonists","outbound":["caloric-restriction","retatrutide","sleep-and-longevity","hallmarks-of-aging","inflammaging","cellular-senescence","longevity-dividend","geroscience-hypothesis","metformin","rapamycin","epigenetic-clock","aging-biomarkers","healthspan","myostatin-inhibition","exercise-and-aging","access-and-inequality","bioethics-of-enhancement","continuous-glucose-monitoring","wearable-health-sensors","dietary-supplements","compression-of-morbidity","maximum-human-lifespan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","ai-drug-discovery","alzheimers-disease","bioethics-of-enhancement","caloric-restriction","compression-of-morbidity","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","dietary-supplements","exercise-and-aging","heat-and-cold-exposure","human-enhancement","longevity-dividend","myostatin-inhibition","nir-barzilai","organ-shortage","retatrutide","sarcopenia","wearable-health-sensors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/glp-1-receptor-agonists/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-11-01T08:11:32.415Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"glymphatic-system","title":"Glymphatic system","summary":"A proposed brain-wide waste-clearance route in which cerebrospinal fluid enters along arteries, mixes with interstitial fluid and drains away, shown in mice and disputed in mechanism.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Contrast MRI shows tracer reaching the whole human brain and clearing more slowly after a sleepless night, and fMRI links CSF pulses to NREM slow waves; no study has shown that altering the pathway changes disease in people.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Nedergaard group's 2025 mouse work on norepinephrine-driven vasomotion during sleep is not covered","No coverage of human 40 Hz stimulation trials"],"tags":["sleep","neuroscience","dementia","neurodegeneration","amyloid","neuromodulation","brain"],"categories":["longevity","cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1604,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/glymphatic-system","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/glymphatic-system","outbound":["alzheimers-disease","sleep-and-longevity","proteostasis","hallmarks-of-aging","optogenetics","non-invasive-neuromodulation","aging-biomarkers","targeted-drug-delivery","sleep-reduction","geroscience-hypothesis","compression-of-morbidity","healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alzheimers-disease","non-invasive-neuromodulation","sleep-and-longevity"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/glymphatic-system/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"governance-of-genome-editing","title":"Governance of human genome editing","summary":"The patchwork of national law, professional norms, funding rules, and international soft law that determines what may be done to a human genome and by whom.","type":"concept","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The claim that three edited children exist is stated without a source.","Penalties in the compare block, including the seven-year figure for China, are uncited."],"tags":["governance","regulation","bioethics","crispr","law","who"],"categories":["society","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1424,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/governance-of-genome-editing","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/governance-of-genome-editing","outbound":["somatic-gene-therapy","casgevy","germline-editing","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","he-jiankui-affair","asilomar-conference","biohacking","gene-doping","gene-drive","bioethics-of-enhancement","polygenic-embryo-screening","in-vitro-gametogenesis","access-and-inequality","dual-use-research","precautionary-principle"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","asilomar-conference","base-editing","bioconservatism","casgevy","colossal-biosciences","crispr-cas9","crispr-off-target-effects","designer-babies","differential-technological-development","dual-use-research","embryo-selection","emmanuelle-charpentier","engineered-pandemics","epigenome-editing","gene-drive","genetic-discrimination","george-church","germline-editing","he-jiankui-affair","human-cloning","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vitro-gametogenesis","jennifer-doudna","lipid-nanoparticles","mirror-life","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","polygenic-embryo-screening","precautionary-principle","prime-editing","recoded-organisms","somatic-gene-therapy","synthetic-embryos","synthetic-genomes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/governance-of-genome-editing/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"grey-goo","title":"Grey goo","summary":"The scenario in which self-replicating nanomachines consume the biosphere, an idea introduced by Eric Drexler in 1986 and later disowned by him.","type":"risk","status":"speculative","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Nothing to observe in people: no molecular assembler or self-replicating nanomachine has been built, and the nearest documented harm from engineered nanomaterials is fibre toxicity reported in mice.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["nanotechnology","existential risk","self-replication","governance","drexler","biosafety"],"categories":["nanomedicine","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1551,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/grey-goo","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/grey-goo","outbound":["eric-drexler","molecular-assembler","medical-nanorobots","respirocytes","dna-nanotechnology","microrobots-in-medicine","xenobots","dual-use-research","existential-risk","nick-bostrom","synthetic-genomes","gene-drive","mirror-life","precautionary-principle","differential-technological-development"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["dual-use-research","eric-drexler","existential-risk","medical-nanorobots","microrobots-in-medicine","mirror-life","molecular-assembler","respirocytes","robert-freitas","xenobots"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/grey-goo/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"gut-microbiome","title":"Gut microbiome","summary":"The community of bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses living in the human intestine, and a much-claimed but weakly demonstrated lever on aging.","type":"concept","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Microbiome composition tracks health and survival in large human cohorts, and faecal transplant is approved only for recurrent C. difficile; every report of young microbiota extending life is in killifish or mice.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The oral, skin and vaginal microbiomes are out of scope and are not signposted.","Diet as an intervention gets one paragraph and deserves more."],"tags":["aging","microbiome","gut","inflammation","fecal transplant","dysbiosis","mechanisms"],"categories":["longevity","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1539,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/gut-microbiome","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/gut-microbiome","outbound":["inflammaging","biological-age","dietary-supplements","biohacking","blue-zones","exercise-and-aging","caloric-restriction","space-medicine","metformin","rapamycin","geroscience-hypothesis","aging-biomarkers","epigenetic-clock","healthspan","cellular-senescence","immunosenescence","cancer","hallmarks-of-aging"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["inflammaging"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/gut-microbiome/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"hallmarks-of-aging","title":"Hallmarks of aging","summary":"The consensus taxonomy of cellular and molecular processes held to drive mammalian aging, set out as nine mechanisms in 2013 and expanded to twelve in 2023.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No hallmark has been shown to satisfy the framework's third criterion in humans; the amelioration results come from worms, flies and mice, and the human data are observational and correlational.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The mortality-doubling-time figure in the keyfacts block carries no source.","The Outlook refers to prizes and consortia defining outcome measures without naming any."],"tags":["aging","biogerontology","mechanisms","damage","geroscience"],"categories":["longevity","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1654,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/hallmarks-of-aging","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/hallmarks-of-aging","outbound":["geroscience-hypothesis","aging-biomarkers","telomeres-and-telomerase","epigenetic-clock","steve-horvath","proteostasis","autophagy","cynthia-kenyon","caloric-restriction","rapamycin","nad-precursors","mitochondrial-dysfunction","cellular-senescence","stem-cell-exhaustion","inflammaging","senolytics","epigenetic-reprogramming","dietary-supplements","sens-research-foundation","aubrey-de-grey","negligible-senescence","healthspan","maximum-human-lifespan","biological-age","longevity-escape-velocity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","alzheimers-disease","aubrey-de-grey","autophagy","biological-age","blue-zones","buck-institute","calico","caloric-restriction","cancer","cellular-senescence","coffee-and-aging","compression-of-morbidity","cynthia-kenyon","david-sinclair","dietary-supplements","dog-aging-project","enhancement-in-sport","epigenetic-clock","epigenetic-reprogramming","exercise-and-aging","future-of-humanity","gene-therapy-for-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","glymphatic-system","gut-microbiome","healthspan","heat-and-cold-exposure","human-enhancement","immunosenescence","inflammaging","interventions-testing-program","klotho","leonard-hayflick","limb-regeneration","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","loyal","maximum-human-lifespan","medical-nanorobots","metformin","microgravity-adaptation","mitochondrial-dysfunction","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","nad-precursors","naked-mole-rat","nanoparticle-diagnostics","negligible-senescence","nir-barzilai","nootropics","overpopulation-and-longevity","parabiosis-and-young-blood","partial-reprogramming","progeria","proteostasis","radiation-hardening-humans","rapamycin","reproductive-longevity","retro-biosciences","sarcopenia","senolytics","sens-research-foundation","sleep-and-longevity","sleep-reduction","space-medicine","stem-cell-exhaustion","steve-horvath","tardigrade-genes","telomeres-and-telomerase","transhumanism","virtual-cell-models","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/hallmarks-of-aging/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"he-jiankui-affair","title":"He Jiankui affair","summary":"The 2018 announcement that twin girls had been born from CRISPR-edited embryos in Shenzhen, and the scientific condemnation and criminal prosecution that followed.","type":"event","status":"historical","horizon":"historical","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The birth of the third child in 2019 is stated without a source.","The 2003 Chinese ministry guidelines are described but not cited."],"tags":["crispr","embryos","heritable editing","bioethics","governance","china"],"categories":["genetics","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1398,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/he-jiankui-affair","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/he-jiankui-affair","outbound":["crispr-cas9","human-enhancement","embryo-selection","base-editing","prime-editing","germline-editing","crispr-off-target-effects","jennifer-doudna","george-church","governance-of-genome-editing","asilomar-conference","precautionary-principle","designer-babies","bioethics-of-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alzheimers-disease","asilomar-conference","base-editing","bioconservatism","bioethics-of-enhancement","casgevy","crispr-cas9","crispr-off-target-effects","decellularized-scaffolds","designer-babies","dual-use-research","embryo-selection","emmanuelle-charpentier","germline-editing","governance-of-genome-editing","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vitro-gametogenesis","jennifer-doudna","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","precautionary-principle","prime-editing"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/he-jiankui-affair/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"head-transplant","title":"Head transplantation","summary":"The proposed transfer of a living human head onto a donor body, blocked chiefly by the inability to reconnect a severed spinal cord and rejected by mainstream neurosurgery.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No human attempt has been made; living-subject work stops at Demikhov's 1950s dogs and White's 1970 rhesus monkeys, whose cords were never joined, and the 2017 human procedure was a rehearsal on two cadavers.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["transplantation","spinal cord","neurosurgery","medical ethics","identity","fringe science"],"categories":["bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-30","wordCount":1627,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/head-transplant","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/head-transplant","outbound":["limb-regeneration","face-and-hand-transplantation","cortical-visual-prosthesis","retinal-implant","xenotransplantation","uterus-transplantation","organ-shortage","personal-identity-and-continuity","teleportation-problem","morphological-freedom","somatic-gene-therapy","brain-computer-interface","exoskeleton","cryonics","whole-brain-emulation","mind-uploading","neuroprosthetics"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-preservation","face-and-hand-transplantation","personal-identity-and-continuity"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/head-transplant/history","revisions":4,"edits":3,"currentRevision":4,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-30T07:48:12.338Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"healthspan","title":"Healthspan","summary":"The portion of life spent in good health and function, as distinct from total lifespan; widely used as a goal but not standardized as a measure.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["HALE and intrinsic capacity are described without a WHO source."],"tags":["aging","healthspan","frailty","public health","endpoints","demography"],"categories":["longevity","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1138,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/healthspan","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/healthspan","outbound":["compression-of-morbidity","cynthia-kenyon","caloric-restriction","rapamycin","senolytics","metformin","heat-and-cold-exposure","exercise-and-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","aging-biomarkers","epigenetic-clock","xprize-healthspan","dietary-supplements","biological-age","hallmarks-of-aging","inflammaging","stem-cell-exhaustion","maximum-human-lifespan","longevity-escape-velocity","longevity-dividend","coffee-and-aging"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","ai-drug-discovery","alzheimers-disease","aubrey-de-grey","biological-age","blue-zones","blueprint-protocol","caloric-restriction","cellular-senescence","coffee-and-aging","compression-of-morbidity","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","cynthia-kenyon","dietary-supplements","dog-aging-project","epigenetic-clock","exercise-and-aging","exoskeleton","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","glymphatic-system","gut-microbiome","hallmarks-of-aging","heat-and-cold-exposure","human-enhancement","immunosenescence","interventions-testing-program","klotho","leonard-hayflick","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","loyal","magnesium-l-threonate","maximum-human-lifespan","metformin","methuselah-foundation","myostatin-inhibition","nad-precursors","naked-mole-rat","negligible-senescence","nir-barzilai","nootropics","overpopulation-and-longevity","parabiosis-and-young-blood","quantified-self","rapamycin","reproductive-longevity","retatrutide","retro-biosciences","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","sarcopenia","senolytics","sleep-and-longevity","sleep-reduction","wearable-health-sensors","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/healthspan/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"heat-and-cold-exposure","title":"Heat and cold exposure","summary":"Deliberate exposure to heat or cold, from sauna bathing to cold-water immersion, as a health practice built on a hormetic mechanism whose effect on human lifespan is unmeasured.","type":"intervention","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"Randomized trials show short-term changes in blood pressure, vascular function and mood; the mortality findings come from an observational Finnish cohort of men, and no trial has tested lifespan or healthspan.","access":"Unregulated and widely available: public and gym saunas, home units, cold-plunge studios and open water, at costs from a swim ticket to four-figure equipment.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Cold-immersion mood literature is summarized qualitatively without a cited meta-analysis","Heat acclimation for athletic performance is uncovered and may warrant its own section"],"tags":["sauna","cold exposure","hormesis","brown adipose tissue","heat shock proteins","recovery","observational epidemiology"],"categories":["longevity","enhancement"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1560,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/heat-and-cold-exposure","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/heat-and-cold-exposure","outbound":["proteostasis","hallmarks-of-aging","cynthia-kenyon","exercise-and-aging","autophagy","caloric-restriction","healthspan","psychedelic-therapy","enhancement-in-sport","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","aging-biomarkers","mitochondrial-dysfunction","rapamycin","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","wearable-health-sensors","quantified-self","biohacking","dietary-supplements","blue-zones","sleep-and-longevity","inflammaging","human-hibernation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["biohacking","blue-zones","blueprint-protocol","exercise-and-aging","healthspan","human-hibernation","longevity-dividend","metformin","proteostasis","quantified-self","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/heat-and-cold-exposure/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"human-cloning","title":"Human cloning","summary":"Producing a human genetically identical to an existing person by somatic cell nuclear transfer, demonstrated to the blastocyst stage and never taken to a pregnancy.","type":"technology","status":"contested","horizon":"indefinite","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"Nuclear transfer has produced human blastocysts and embryonic stem cell lines in culture; no human pregnancy or birth from a cloned embryo has been documented, and all live-birth data are from other mammals.","access":"Not obtainable: reproductive cloning is prohibited by statute in most countries with a biotechnology sector and no clinic offers it, while nuclear transfer for research is done in a handful of laboratories.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The 1998 Council of Europe protocol and the 2005 UN declaration are described without sources."],"tags":["cloning","reproduction","stem cells","bioethics","regulation","identity"],"categories":["reproduction","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1215,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/human-cloning","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/human-cloning","outbound":["induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","yamanaka-factors","epigenetic-reprogramming","telomeres-and-telomerase","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","personal-identity-and-continuity","governance-of-genome-editing","leon-kass","bioconservatism","embryo-selection","germline-editing","xenotransplantation","de-extinction","in-vitro-gametogenesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["bioconservatism","colossal-biosciences","de-extinction","ectogenesis","germline-editing","in-vitro-gametogenesis","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","leon-kass","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","shinya-yamanaka","synthetic-embryos","xenotransplantation","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/human-cloning/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"human-digital-twins","title":"Human digital twins","summary":"Computational models of an individual person's physiology, built from that person's own data and run to predict what an intervention would do before it is attempted.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2040s","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"In patients, simulation is routine only for radiotherapy dose and CT-derived coronary physiology; virtual-heart ablation planning rests on small studies. No whole-body twin exists for any person.","access":"Organ-specific models are sold as regulated software and reimbursed in some health systems, notably CT-derived coronary flow analysis. Products marketed as whole-person twins are usually dashboards.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Needs a source for the 2025 FDA announcement on animal-testing alternatives","Thin on oncology and immunology modelling"],"tags":["simulation","in silico trials","personalized medicine","computational modelling","medical devices","cardiology"],"categories":["bodies","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":2135,"readingMinutes":9,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/human-digital-twins","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/human-digital-twins","outbound":["biological-age","wearable-health-sensors","continuous-glucose-monitoring","quantified-self","whole-brain-emulation","mind-uploading","personal-identity-and-continuity","targeted-drug-delivery","deep-brain-stimulation","exoskeleton","artificial-heart","organoids","technology-readiness-level","aging-biomarkers","virtual-cell-models","biohub","genetic-discrimination","mental-privacy","access-and-inequality","space-medicine","ai-drug-discovery","ai-protein-design"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-drug-discovery","biohub","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","deep-brain-stimulation","isomorphic-labs","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","quantified-self","tissue-engineering","virtual-cell-models","wearable-health-sensors","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/human-digital-twins/history","revisions":4,"edits":3,"currentRevision":4,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"human-enhancement","title":"Human enhancement","summary":"The deliberate use of biomedical or technical means to extend human capacities beyond what is needed to restore or maintain ordinary health.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The claim about military performance-sustainment programmes names no state or programme.","The Open problems claim about small effect sizes summarises a literature with no citation."],"tags":["enhancement","bioethics","therapy","cognition","fairness","autonomy","regulation"],"categories":["enhancement","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1727,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/human-enhancement","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/human-enhancement","outbound":["nootropics","psychedelic-therapy","enhancement-in-sport","polygenic-embryo-screening","germline-editing","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","designer-babies","brain-computer-interface","sensory-augmentation","non-invasive-neuromodulation","myostatin-inhibition","exoskeleton","healthspan","hallmarks-of-aging","glp-1-receptor-agonists","moral-enhancement","julian-savulescu","procreative-beneficence","nick-bostrom","anders-sandberg","leon-kass","bioconservatism","bioethics-of-enhancement","disability-rights-and-enhancement","access-and-inequality","enhancement-arms-race","dietary-supplements","neurorights","mental-privacy","transhumanism","morphological-freedom","posthuman"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["anders-sandberg","bioconservatism","bioethics-of-enhancement","biohacking","cochlear-implant","cortical-visual-prosthesis","deep-brain-stimulation","designer-babies","effective-accelerationism","enhancement-arms-race","enhancement-in-sport","exoskeleton","extropianism","gene-doping","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","he-jiankui-affair","human-ai-merger","intelligence-amplification","julian-savulescu","leon-kass","magnesium-l-threonate","max-more","medical-nanorobots","memory-prosthesis","moral-enhancement","morphological-freedom","myoelectric-prosthetics","myostatin-inhibition","natasha-vita-more","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","nick-bostrom","non-invasive-neuromodulation","nootropics","osseointegration","pantropy","posthuman","procreative-beneficence","psychedelic-therapy","quantified-self","radiation-hardening-humans","respirocytes","robotic-avatars","sensory-augmentation","sleep-reduction","tardigrade-genes","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/human-enhancement/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"germline-editing","title":"Human germline editing","summary":"Modification of human embryos, eggs, or sperm so that the genetic change is inherited by the resulting child and by all of their descendants.","type":"technology","status":"contested","horizon":"2040s","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"One unsanctioned clinic case produced children from CCR5-edited embryos in 2018 and 2019; all other human work is in research embryos cultured for days, where editing is frequently mosaic and can delete or lose the target chromosome.","access":"Obtainable through no lawful route: transfer of an edited embryo to a womb is forbidden wherever the question is regulated, and research use is confined to licensed embryo work.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The 2025 private-venture reports and the joint moratorium call are stated without a citation."],"tags":["crispr","embryos","heritable editing","bioethics","governance","reproduction"],"categories":["genetics","society","reproduction"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1957,"readingMinutes":9,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/germline-editing","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/germline-editing","outbound":["somatic-gene-therapy","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","embryo-selection","polygenic-embryo-screening","human-cloning","crispr-cas9","base-editing","prime-editing","in-vitro-gametogenesis","crispr-off-target-effects","casgevy","governance-of-genome-editing","jennifer-doudna","asilomar-conference","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","designer-babies","procreative-beneficence","disability-rights-and-enhancement","he-jiankui-affair","bioethics-of-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","access-and-inequality","alzheimers-disease","asilomar-conference","base-editing","bioconservatism","casgevy","crispr-cas9","crispr-off-target-effects","de-extinction","designer-babies","differential-technological-development","effective-accelerationism","embryo-selection","emmanuelle-charpentier","epigenome-editing","future-of-humanity","gene-drive","genetic-discrimination","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","governance-of-genome-editing","he-jiankui-affair","human-cloning","human-enhancement","humanity-plus","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vitro-gametogenesis","jennifer-doudna","leon-kass","lipid-nanoparticles","max-more","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","morphological-freedom","pantropy","polygenic-embryo-screening","precautionary-principle","prime-editing","procreative-beneficence","radiation-hardening-humans","recoded-organisms","sleep-reduction","somatic-gene-therapy","synthetic-genomes","tardigrade-genes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/germline-editing/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"human-hibernation","title":"Human hibernation and torpor","summary":"The proposal to induce a hibernation-like state of suppressed metabolism in people, and the distance between rodent torpor circuits and any clinical human application.","type":"concept","status":"experimental","horizon":"2040s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No human has been placed in torpor; every induced-torpor result is from mice and rats, and all human cooling to date is hypothermia imposed from outside against a defended set point.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The claim that hibernating rodents tolerate higher radiation doses is attributed only to older literature."],"tags":["torpor","hypothermia","metabolism","spaceflight","neuroscience","suspended animation"],"categories":["space","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1748,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/human-hibernation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/human-hibernation","outbound":["microgravity-adaptation","negligible-senescence","caloric-restriction","cynthia-kenyon","heat-and-cold-exposure","optogenetics","deep-brain-stimulation","non-invasive-neuromodulation","closed-loop-life-support","radiation-hardening-humans","space-medicine","pantropy","generation-ship-biology","cryonics","organ-shortage"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-blood","closed-loop-life-support","generation-ship-biology","heat-and-cold-exposure","microgravity-adaptation","naked-mole-rat","radiation-hardening-humans","respirocytes","sleep-and-longevity","sleep-reduction","space-medicine","tardigrade-genes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/human-hibernation/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"human-ai-merger","title":"Human–AI merger","summary":"The proposal that humans and artificial intelligence will form a single cognitive system rather than remaining separate agents that merely use one another.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"2040s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No merged system exists at any scale; the strongest human results are intracortical implants in small numbers of people with paralysis, decoding attempted speech or handwriting at tens of words per minute.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["artificial intelligence","brain-computer interface","bandwidth","identity","cognition","extended mind"],"categories":["foundations","cybernetics","minds"],"updated":"2026-10-30","wordCount":1504,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/human-ai-merger","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/human-ai-merger","outbound":["brain-computer-interface","artificial-general-intelligence","personal-identity-and-continuity","intelligence-amplification","ray-kurzweil","accelerating-change","neuralink","utah-array","stentrode","speech-neuroprosthesis","neural-decoding","deep-brain-stimulation","memory-prosthesis","teleportation-problem","mind-uploading","substrate-independence","neurorights","mental-privacy","technological-singularity","human-enhancement","posthuman","whole-brain-emulation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-general-intelligence","bioethics-of-enhancement","brain-computer-interface","brain-to-brain-interface","intelligence-amplification","kernel","machine-consciousness","mind-uploading","neuralink","ray-kurzweil","robotic-avatars","speech-neuroprosthesis","substrate-independence","synchron","technological-singularity","teleportation-problem"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/human-ai-merger/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-30T04:59:31.073Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"humanity-plus","title":"Humanity+","summary":"The main international transhumanist membership organization, founded in 1998 as the World Transhumanist Association and now a small education and advocacy body.","type":"organization","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Membership size is not stated anywhere citable."],"tags":["transhumanism","movements","advocacy","bioethics","nonprofit","intellectual history"],"categories":["organizations","people"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1222,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/humanity-plus","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/humanity-plus","outbound":["extropianism","transhumanism","nick-bostrom","fm-2030","natasha-vita-more","morphological-freedom","existential-risk","access-and-inequality","ray-kurzweil","whole-brain-emulation","personal-identity-and-continuity","max-more","julian-savulescu","bioethics-of-enhancement","bioconservatism","posthuman","altos-labs","retro-biosciences","xprize-healthspan","neurorights","germline-editing","brain-computer-interface"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["extropianism","natasha-vita-more","nick-bostrom","singularitarianism","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/humanity-plus/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"immunosenescence","title":"Immunosenescence","summary":"The age-related remodelling of the immune system, in which responses to unfamiliar antigens weaken while chronic activation against familiar ones persists.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Thymic involution, naive T-cell decline, repertoire contraction and weaker vaccine responses are all measured directly in people; every proposal to reverse them has been tested only in mice or in small uncontrolled human studies.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The innate arm gets one paragraph; monocyte and NK-cell changes deserve their own treatment."],"tags":["aging","immunity","thymus","t cells","vaccines","mechanisms","cytomegalovirus"],"categories":["longevity","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1368,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/immunosenescence","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/immunosenescence","outbound":["cancer","inflammaging","hallmarks-of-aging","cellular-senescence","stem-cell-exhaustion","epigenetic-clock","aging-biomarkers","engineered-pandemics","rapamycin","exercise-and-aging","tissue-engineering","partial-reprogramming","newlimit","senolytics","xprize-healthspan","healthspan","geroscience-hypothesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["cancer","engineered-pandemics","gut-microbiome","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","sarcopenia","senolytics"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/immunosenescence/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"in-vitro-fertilisation","title":"In vitro fertilisation","summary":"The routine clinical procedure in which eggs are fertilised outside the body and an embryo is transferred to a uterus, and the platform every other embryo technology is built on.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Between ten and thirteen million children had been born after assisted reproduction by 2018 and several million since; live-birth rates fall steeply with the age of the egg, and birth defects are modestly more common than after natural conception.","access":"Available in most countries with a fertility sector but funded unevenly: NHS-funded cycles fell from 35 percent of UK treatments in 2019 to 27 percent in 2023, and a self-funded cycle costs several thousand pounds or dollars before optional extras.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["Cost figures are given for the UK only; a comparable US and international picture is missing."],"tags":["reproduction","ivf","embryo selection","fertility","regulation","bioethics"],"categories":["reproduction","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1276,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/in-vitro-fertilisation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/in-vitro-fertilisation","outbound":["embryo-selection","germline-editing","cryonics","polygenic-embryo-screening","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","in-vitro-gametogenesis","he-jiankui-affair","crispr-cas9","governance-of-genome-editing","designer-babies","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","synthetic-embryos","access-and-inequality","ectogenesis","reproductive-longevity","artificial-womb","uterus-transplantation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["cancer"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/in-vitro-fertilisation/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"in-vitro-gametogenesis","title":"In vitro gametogenesis","summary":"Making functional eggs or sperm from pluripotent stem cells in culture, achieved end to end in mice and still short of the meiotic stages in humans.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":3,"humanEvidence":"Human pluripotent cells have been carried as far as oogonia in culture and stop before meiosis; no human egg or sperm has been made in vitro, and the complete cycle exists only in mice.","access":"Not available anywhere: no jurisdiction permits clinical use, the UK statute excludes such gametes by construction, and the work is confined to research laboratories and a few companies.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The US appropriations rider and the UK permitted-gamete definition are described without sources."],"tags":["reproduction","stem cells","gametes","fertility","embryo selection","bioethics"],"categories":["reproduction","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1749,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/in-vitro-gametogenesis","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/in-vitro-gametogenesis","outbound":["induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","yamanaka-factors","shinya-yamanaka","uterus-transplantation","artificial-womb","ectogenesis","reproductive-longevity","epigenetic-reprogramming","embryo-selection","polygenic-embryo-screening","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","germline-editing","designer-babies","de-extinction","stem-cell-exhaustion","governance-of-genome-editing","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","he-jiankui-affair","human-cloning","procreative-beneficence"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","artificial-womb","de-extinction","designer-babies","ectogenesis","embryo-selection","future-of-humanity","generation-ship-biology","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","germline-editing","governance-of-genome-editing","human-cloning","in-vitro-fertilisation","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","julian-savulescu","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","polygenic-embryo-screening","procreative-beneficence","reproductive-longevity","synthetic-embryos","uterus-transplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/in-vitro-gametogenesis/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"in-vivo-car-t","title":"In vivo CAR-T therapy","summary":"A way of making chimeric antigen receptor T cells inside the patient's body, by infusing a targeted viral vector or lipid nanoparticle instead of manufacturing cells in a facility.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"Two peer-reviewed phase 1 cohorts totalling nine patients with multiple myeloma report responses without lymphodepletion, alongside cytokine release syndrome, four deaths, and a median progression-free survival of 4.0 months in the four followed longest.","access":"Nothing is approved anywhere; the only route is more than fifteen registered first-in-human phase 1 trials in China, Australia, the United States and Europe, and no price has been set.","reversibility":"context","issues":["The Kelonia KLN-1010 cohort rests on a conference presentation; no peer-reviewed report exists yet."],"tags":["cell therapy","cancer","gene therapy","immunotherapy","oncology","delivery","clinical trials"],"categories":["genetics","nanomedicine"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":2309,"readingMinutes":10,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/in-vivo-car-t","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/in-vivo-car-t","outbound":["crispr-cas9","lipid-nanoparticles","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","somatic-gene-therapy","aav-vectors","targeted-drug-delivery","dna-nanotechnology","cancer","base-editing","prime-editing","epigenome-editing","gene-therapy-for-aging","access-and-inequality","crispr-off-target-effects"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["base-editing","lipid-nanoparticles","somatic-gene-therapy"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/in-vivo-car-t/history","revisions":1,"edits":0,"currentRevision":1,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-11-01T08:11:32.415Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","title":"Induced pluripotent stem cells","summary":"Adult cells reprogrammed back to an embryonic-like state, capable of becoming any cell type in the body and of being derived from a specific patient.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"Small early-phase trials in people report that iPSC-derived retinal, corneal, dopaminergic and islet grafts survive and in some cases function; none is randomized and no product has marketing approval as of mid-2026.","access":"Research lines are widely banked and sold for laboratory use; as a therapy there is nothing to obtain outside small early-phase trials, since no iPSC-derived product is approved anywhere.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The 2024 and 2025 clinical results are stated without footnotes.","The per-patient cost of a clinical-grade autologous line is given without a source."],"tags":["stem cells","reprogramming","regenerative medicine","cell therapy","disease modelling"],"categories":["bodies","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1176,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","outbound":["yamanaka-factors","epigenetic-clock","steve-horvath","epigenetic-reprogramming","partial-reprogramming","crispr-cas9","organoids","tissue-engineering","organ-bioprinting","in-vitro-gametogenesis","synthetic-embryos","access-and-inequality","somatic-gene-therapy","lab-grown-organs","organ-shortage","xenotransplantation","human-cloning","shinya-yamanaka"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","artificial-blood","artificial-heart","aubrey-de-grey","de-extinction","decellularized-scaffolds","deep-brain-stimulation","epigenetic-clock","epigenetic-reprogramming","human-cloning","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vitro-gametogenesis","lab-grown-organs","limb-regeneration","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","newlimit","organ-bioprinting","organoids","partial-reprogramming","prime-editing","proteostasis","retinal-implant","sens-research-foundation","shinya-yamanaka","somatic-gene-therapy","stem-cell-exhaustion","steve-horvath","synthetic-embryos","technology-readiness-level","telomeres-and-telomerase","tissue-engineering","uterus-transplantation","xenobots","xenotransplantation","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/induced-pluripotent-stem-cells/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"inflammaging","title":"Inflammaging","summary":"The chronic, low-grade, sterile inflammation that develops with age in the absence of infection, and its disputed role in frailty and age-related disease.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Inflammatory markers rise with age in essentially every human population studied and predict mortality and frailty; the causal human evidence comes from cardiovascular trials of specific anti-inflammatory drugs, not from aging endpoints.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The colchicine cardiovascular trials are named but not cited.","The IL-6 receptor genetic studies are described without a source."],"tags":["aging","inflammation","immunology","senescence","biomarkers","mechanisms"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1107,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/inflammaging","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/inflammaging","outbound":["hallmarks-of-aging","cellular-senescence","mitochondrial-dysfunction","gut-microbiome","stem-cell-exhaustion","sleep-and-longevity","aging-biomarkers","epigenetic-clock","exercise-and-aging","caloric-restriction","senolytics","rapamycin","metformin","geroscience-hypothesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","alzheimers-disease","autophagy","biohub","biological-age","blue-zones","buck-institute","caloric-restriction","cellular-senescence","coffee-and-aging","consumer-blood-testing","epigenetic-clock","epigenetic-reprogramming","exercise-and-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","gut-microbiome","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","heat-and-cold-exposure","immunosenescence","klotho","longevity-escape-velocity","maximum-human-lifespan","metformin","mitochondrial-dysfunction","nad-precursors","naked-mole-rat","newlimit","parabiosis-and-young-blood","proteostasis","radiation-hardening-humans","rapamycin","retatrutide","sarcopenia","senolytics","sleep-and-longevity","space-medicine","stem-cell-exhaustion","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/inflammaging/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"intelligence-amplification","title":"Intelligence amplification","summary":"The project of raising human problem-solving capacity by improving the tools, notations and organisations that thinking runs on rather than by altering the brain.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The Flynn effect paragraph states a large empirical claim with no citation."],"tags":["cognition","enhancement","tools","collective intelligence","human-computer interaction","ai"],"categories":["enhancement","minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1455,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/intelligence-amplification","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/intelligence-amplification","outbound":["nootropics","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","non-invasive-neuromodulation","brain-computer-interface","memory-prosthesis","ai-protein-design","artificial-general-intelligence","human-ai-merger","accelerating-change","transhumanism","existential-risk","nick-bostrom","technological-singularity","differential-technological-development","human-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-general-intelligence","bioethics-of-enhancement","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","human-ai-merger","kernel","magnesium-l-threonate","memory-prosthesis","moral-enhancement","non-invasive-neuromodulation","nootropics","sleep-reduction","technological-singularity"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/intelligence-amplification/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"interventions-testing-program","title":"Interventions Testing Program","summary":"A National Institute on Aging programme that tests whether candidate anti-aging compounds extend lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice, run in parallel at three sites.","type":"organization","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["aging","biogerontology","lifespan","mice","drug testing","replication"],"categories":["organizations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1390,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/interventions-testing-program","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/interventions-testing-program","outbound":["rapamycin","methuselah-foundation","geroscience-hypothesis","autophagy","healthspan","david-sinclair","metformin","nir-barzilai","nad-precursors","senolytics","dietary-supplements","loyal","maximum-human-lifespan","hallmarks-of-aging","aging-biomarkers","caloric-restriction","xprize-healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["dog-aging-project","maximum-human-lifespan","rapamycin"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/interventions-testing-program/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"isomorphic-labs","title":"Isomorphic Labs","summary":"Alphabet's London-based AI drug-design company, founded in 2021 by Demis Hassabis to build on AlphaFold; it co-developed AlphaFold 3 and has no drug in human trials as of October 2026.","type":"organization","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["drug discovery","machine learning","alphafold","structural biology","google","biotech"],"categories":["organizations","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1564,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/isomorphic-labs","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/isomorphic-labs","outbound":["ai-protein-design","ai-drug-discovery","jennifer-doudna","dual-use-research","engineered-pandemics","biohub","virtual-cell-models","altos-labs","calico","cancer","geroscience-hypothesis","aging-biomarkers","human-digital-twins","artificial-general-intelligence"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-drug-discovery","ai-protein-design","biohub","virtual-cell-models"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/isomorphic-labs/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"jennifer-doudna","title":"Jennifer Doudna","summary":"American biochemist who co-authored the 2012 paper showing CRISPR-Cas9 could be programmed to cut chosen DNA sequences, and shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The patent-dispute section makes checkable claims about specific rulings with no citation."],"tags":["crispr","gene editing","rna","nobel prize","governance","biochemistry"],"categories":["people","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1053,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/jennifer-doudna","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/jennifer-doudna","outbound":["emmanuelle-charpentier","crispr-cas9","george-church","base-editing","prime-editing","epigenome-editing","crispr-off-target-effects","lipid-nanoparticles","aav-vectors","asilomar-conference","he-jiankui-affair","somatic-gene-therapy","germline-editing","casgevy","governance-of-genome-editing","polygenic-embryo-screening"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["asilomar-conference","biohub","crispr-cas9","emmanuelle-charpentier","george-church","germline-editing","he-jiankui-affair","isomorphic-labs"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/jennifer-doudna/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"julian-savulescu","title":"Julian Savulescu","summary":"Australian bioethicist who formulated procreative beneficence and, with Ingmar Persson, the argument for moral bioenhancement; the leading academic advocate of human enhancement.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["bioethics","enhancement","embryo selection","moral enhancement","philosophy"],"categories":["people","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1046,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/julian-savulescu","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/julian-savulescu","outbound":["human-enhancement","bioconservatism","procreative-beneficence","polygenic-embryo-screening","disability-rights-and-enhancement","existential-risk","moral-enhancement","enhancement-in-sport","gene-doping","access-and-inequality","leon-kass","bioethics-of-enhancement","embryo-selection","in-vitro-gametogenesis","nick-bostrom"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["bioethics-of-enhancement","human-enhancement","humanity-plus","leon-kass","max-more","moral-enhancement","nootropics","polygenic-embryo-screening","procreative-beneficence"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/julian-savulescu/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"kernel","title":"Kernel (neurotechnology company)","summary":"American neurotechnology company founded by Bryan Johnson in 2016 that builds non-invasive headsets measuring brain haemodynamics for research and brain-health scans.","type":"organization","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["neurotechnology","fnirs","brain imaging","bryan johnson","brain age","wearables"],"categories":["organizations","cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-28","wordCount":1625,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/kernel","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/kernel","outbound":["bryan-johnson","memory-prosthesis","neuralink","synchron","brain-computer-interface","consumer-blood-testing","wearable-health-sensors","psychedelic-therapy","alzheimers-disease","non-invasive-neuromodulation","klotho","aging-biomarkers","biological-age","mental-privacy","neurorights","human-ai-merger","intelligence-amplification","neural-decoding","quantified-self"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-computer-interface","bryan-johnson"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/kernel/history","revisions":1,"edits":0,"currentRevision":1,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-28T08:43:47.543Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"klotho","title":"Klotho","summary":"A gene and hormone whose loss shortens mouse lifespan and whose best-demonstrated job is phosphate control, proposed as a longevity factor on largely non-human evidence.","type":"concept","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"In people the evidence is observational: KL-VS genotype and serum klotho track cognition and mortality inconsistently across cohorts, and no trial of administered klotho has reported results.","access":"Not available as a therapy; two phase 1 studies of klotho gene and mRNA delivery were registered by 2026, one of them dosing volunteers outside United States regulatory jurisdiction.","reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["aging","longevity","kidney","fgf23","cognition","mouse studies","hormones"],"categories":["longevity","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1583,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/klotho","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/klotho","outbound":["cynthia-kenyon","caloric-restriction","rapamycin","telomeres-and-telomerase","hallmarks-of-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","aging-biomarkers","inflammaging","healthspan","biohacking","lipid-nanoparticles","gene-therapy-for-aging","aav-vectors","somatic-gene-therapy","senolytics","parabiosis-and-young-blood","myostatin-inhibition","biological-age","epigenetic-clock","exercise-and-aging"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["gene-therapy-for-aging","kernel"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/klotho/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"lab-grown-organs","title":"Lab-grown organs","summary":"The attempt to produce whole transplantable organs from cells rather than donors, currently limited to simple tissues, islet clusters and organs grown inside host animals.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2040s","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"Engineered skin, corneal and thymus tissue are approved and implanted in patients, and small trials of stem-cell-derived islets have produced insulin independence; no solid vascularized organ has been transplanted into a person.","access":"Only the simple tissues can be obtained: skin, limbal and thymus products are approved in some countries, stem-cell-derived islets are trial-only, and no solid organ is purchasable at any price.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":[],"tags":["regenerative medicine","transplantation","stem cells","chimeras","immunology","organ shortage"],"categories":["bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1506,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/lab-grown-organs","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/lab-grown-organs","outbound":["organoids","tissue-engineering","organ-bioprinting","uterus-transplantation","decellularized-scaffolds","crispr-cas9","synthetic-embryos","xenotransplantation","limb-regeneration","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","somatic-gene-therapy","access-and-inequality","artificial-blood","artificial-heart","organ-shortage"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alcor","artificial-blood","artificial-heart","cryonics","decellularized-scaffolds","ectogenesis","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","limb-regeneration","organ-bioprinting","organ-shortage","organoids","shinya-yamanaka","synthetic-embryos","tissue-engineering","uterus-transplantation","xenobots","xenotransplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/lab-grown-organs/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"leon-kass","title":"Leon Kass","summary":"American physician and bioethicist who chaired the President's Council on Bioethics and made the strongest philosophical case that mortality gives human life its meaning.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2004 removal of two council members is described without a source."],"tags":["bioethics","bioconservatism","human dignity","cloning","mortality"],"categories":["people","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1170,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/leon-kass","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/leon-kass","outbound":["bioconservatism","germline-editing","polygenic-embryo-screening","designer-babies","human-cloning","longevity-escape-velocity","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","compression-of-morbidity","human-enhancement","moral-enhancement","enhancement-in-sport","julian-savulescu","nick-bostrom","disability-rights-and-enhancement","bioethics-of-enhancement","posthuman","precautionary-principle","maximum-human-lifespan","transhumanism"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["bioconservatism","bioethics-of-enhancement","human-cloning","human-enhancement","julian-savulescu","moral-enhancement","morphological-freedom","nick-bostrom","psychedelic-therapy","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/leon-kass/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"leonard-hayflick","title":"Leonard Hayflick","summary":"American microbiologist who showed in 1961 that normal human cells divide a finite number of times in culture, and who argued for fifty years afterwards that aging is not a disease.","type":"person","status":"historical","horizon":"historical","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["aging","cellular senescence","biogerontology","cell culture","vaccines","hayflick limit"],"categories":["people","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1475,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/leonard-hayflick","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/leonard-hayflick","outbound":["cellular-senescence","telomeres-and-telomerase","dietary-supplements","senolytics","hallmarks-of-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","aubrey-de-grey","longevity-dividend","maximum-human-lifespan","compression-of-morbidity","epigenetic-clock","stem-cell-exhaustion","proteostasis","aging-biomarkers","healthspan","negligible-senescence"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["cancer"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/leonard-hayflick/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"limb-regeneration","title":"Limb regeneration","summary":"The regrowth of an amputated limb from the stump, routine in salamanders and absent in mammals, and the biology that separates the two.","type":"concept","status":"experimental","horizon":"2050s+","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"The only human structure known to regrow after amputation is the fingertip distal to the nail bed, most reliably in children; no mammalian limb has been regenerated by any intervention.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The MRL healer-mouse paragraph makes several checkable claims with no citation.","Human fingertip regeneration is asserted without a source."],"tags":["regeneration","axolotl","blastema","wound healing","bioelectricity","comparative biology"],"categories":["bodies","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1462,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/limb-regeneration","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/limb-regeneration","outbound":["epigenetic-reprogramming","negligible-senescence","hallmarks-of-aging","stem-cell-exhaustion","cellular-senescence","xenobots","yamanaka-factors","partial-reprogramming","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","organ-bioprinting","tissue-engineering","face-and-hand-transplantation","myoelectric-prosthetics","osseointegration","exoskeleton","lab-grown-organs"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["decellularized-scaffolds","disability-rights-and-enhancement","face-and-hand-transplantation","head-transplant","lab-grown-organs","myoelectric-prosthetics","negligible-senescence","neuroprosthetics","organ-bioprinting","organoids","osseointegration","tissue-engineering","xenobots"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/limb-regeneration/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-30T07:48:12.338Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"lipid-nanoparticles","title":"Lipid nanoparticles","summary":"Four-component lipid vesicles that carry mRNA and other nucleic acids into cells, the delivery system behind mRNA vaccines and the first systemic in vivo CRISPR therapies.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Billions of mRNA vaccine doses and an approved siRNA drug establish that the carrier works and is tolerated in people, and a phase 1 trial showed a single infusion of an LNP-delivered CRISPR editor cut circulating transthyretin.","access":"Approved LNP products are in clinical use (mRNA vaccines at population scale, patisiran as an infused drug for a rare disease), while the genome-editing therapies using the same carrier are trial-only.","reversibility":"context","issues":["The PCSK9 base-editing results are stated without a citation."],"tags":["delivery","mrna","gene therapy","crispr","nanomedicine","vaccines"],"categories":["genetics","nanomedicine"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":1313,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/lipid-nanoparticles","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/lipid-nanoparticles","outbound":["aav-vectors","dna-nanotechnology","casgevy","crispr-off-target-effects","prime-editing","crispr-cas9","base-editing","access-and-inequality","dual-use-research","governance-of-genome-editing","gene-therapy-for-aging","targeted-drug-delivery","medical-nanorobots","somatic-gene-therapy","germline-editing","in-vivo-car-t"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","access-and-inequality","ai-drug-discovery","ai-protein-design","altos-labs","artificial-blood","base-editing","casgevy","crispr-cas9","crispr-off-target-effects","dna-nanotechnology","emmanuelle-charpentier","engineered-pandemics","epigenetic-reprogramming","epigenome-editing","eric-drexler","gene-doping","gene-therapy-for-aging","in-vivo-car-t","jennifer-doudna","klotho","medical-nanorobots","microrobots-in-medicine","molecular-assembler","newlimit","optogenetics","partial-reprogramming","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","prime-editing","radiation-hardening-humans","respirocytes","robert-freitas","somatic-gene-therapy","tardigrade-genes","targeted-drug-delivery","technology-readiness-level","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/lipid-nanoparticles/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-11-01T08:11:32.415Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"longevity-escape-velocity","title":"Longevity escape velocity","summary":"The hypothetical threshold at which medicine adds remaining life expectancy faster than time subtracts it, making death by aging recede indefinitely.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"2050s+","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No intervention has been shown to slow human aging on a validated endpoint; gains in remaining life expectancy at older ages have run at roughly a year per decade, an order of magnitude short of the threshold.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The keyfacts figure for life expectancy lost per year at 65 carries no source."],"tags":["aging","forecasting","life extension","demography","biogerontology","mortality"],"categories":["longevity","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1766,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/longevity-escape-velocity","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/longevity-escape-velocity","outbound":["hallmarks-of-aging","aubrey-de-grey","technological-singularity","sens-research-foundation","cellular-senescence","ray-kurzweil","rapamycin","metformin","senolytics","exercise-and-aging","aging-biomarkers","epigenetic-clock","inflammaging","biological-age","geroscience-hypothesis","nir-barzilai","epigenetic-reprogramming","partial-reprogramming","access-and-inequality","xprize-healthspan","methuselah-foundation","healthspan","cryonics","compression-of-morbidity","maximum-human-lifespan","negligible-senescence","longevity-dividend","overpopulation-and-longevity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","alzheimers-disease","aubrey-de-grey","blue-zones","blueprint-protocol","brain-preservation","bryan-johnson","cancer","compression-of-morbidity","cryonics","epigenetic-reprogramming","extropianism","future-of-humanity","geroscience-hypothesis","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","leon-kass","longevity-dividend","maximum-human-lifespan","methuselah-foundation","negligible-senescence","nick-bostrom","nir-barzilai","overpopulation-and-longevity","personal-identity-and-continuity","posthuman","ray-kurzweil","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","senolytics","sens-research-foundation","singularitarianism","transhumanism","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/longevity-escape-velocity/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"loyal","title":"Loyal","summary":"A biotechnology company developing drugs to extend healthy lifespan in dogs, working through the veterinary regulator that will consider lifespan itself as an indication.","type":"organization","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Recheck LOY-002's manufacturing section and any conditional approval after November 2026.","Drug evidence and mechanisms are sourced to company statements; add the FDA FOI summary if one is published.","The website footer names Loyal Animal Health, Inc.; reconcile with the Cellular Longevity, Inc. SEC filings."],"tags":["aging","dogs","veterinary medicine","healthspan","regulation","igf-1","biotech"],"categories":["organizations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":2563,"readingMinutes":11,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/loyal","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/loyal","outbound":["geroscience-hypothesis","metformin","altos-labs","cynthia-kenyon","hallmarks-of-aging","caloric-restriction","compression-of-morbidity","healthspan","epigenetic-clock","aging-biomarkers","calico","nir-barzilai","xprize-healthspan","dog-aging-project","rapamycin","access-and-inequality","senolytics"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["calico","david-sinclair","dog-aging-project","geroscience-hypothesis","interventions-testing-program","maximum-human-lifespan","rapamycin"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/loyal/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-31T23:48:17.074Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"machine-consciousness","title":"Machine consciousness","summary":"The question of whether an artificial system can have subjective experience, how anyone could tell, and what would follow morally if one did.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2022 sentience claim by a Google engineer is described without a source.","The Anthropic model-welfare programme is described without a citation."],"tags":["consciousness","artificial intelligence","moral status","functionalism","ai welfare","philosophy of mind"],"categories":["minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1469,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/machine-consciousness","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/machine-consciousness","outbound":["neural-correlates-of-consciousness","substrate-independence","artificial-general-intelligence","organoids","connectomics","mind-uploading","whole-brain-emulation","personal-identity-and-continuity","teleportation-problem","human-ai-merger","posthuman","bioethics-of-enhancement","neurorights","existential-risk","digital-immortality"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["anders-sandberg","artificial-general-intelligence","brain-preservation","connectomics","digital-immortality","existential-risk","mind-uploading","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","organoids","personal-identity-and-continuity","posthuman","substrate-independence","technological-singularity","teleportation-problem","whole-brain-emulation","xenobots"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/machine-consciousness/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"magnesium-l-threonate","title":"Magnesium L-threonate","summary":"A magnesium salt of a vitamin C breakdown product, sold as Magtein, that raised brain magnesium and memory in rats and has small, industry-funded human trials.","type":"intervention","status":"experimental","horizon":"present","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"Four small placebo-controlled trials, one of a multi-ingredient formula and each funded by a company selling the ingredient, report modest gains on cognitive or sleep measures over 3 to 12 weeks; brain uptake is shown only in rats.","access":"Sold without prescription as a dietary supplement in the United States and authorised in the EU as a novel food ingredient in 2024; the ingredient is patented and licensed under the Magtein brand.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":[],"tags":["cognition","supplements","magnesium","memory","sleep","dementia"],"categories":["enhancement","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1403,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/magnesium-l-threonate","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/magnesium-l-threonate","outbound":["alzheimers-disease","biological-age","nootropics","dietary-supplements","enhancement-in-sport","nad-precursors","wearable-health-sensors","biohacking","quantified-self","healthspan","geroscience-hypothesis","aging-biomarkers","exercise-and-aging","sleep-and-longevity","human-enhancement","intelligence-amplification"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["dietary-supplements","nootropics"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/magnesium-l-threonate/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"max-more","title":"Max More","summary":"British-American philosopher who founded extropianism, wrote the principles that gave transhumanism its first organized programme, and led Alcor from 2011 to 2020.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The claims about who took part in the extropian mailing list carry no source."],"tags":["transhumanism","extropianism","cryonics","philosophy","proactionary principle"],"categories":["people"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":917,"readingMinutes":4,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/max-more","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/max-more","outbound":["transhumanism","alcor","personal-identity-and-continuity","natasha-vita-more","human-enhancement","bioconservatism","precautionary-principle","access-and-inequality","germline-editing","differential-technological-development","cryonics","nick-bostrom","julian-savulescu","effective-accelerationism","singularitarianism","extropianism","morphological-freedom","fm-2030"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alcor","cryonics","effective-accelerationism","extropianism","fm-2030","humanity-plus","morphological-freedom","natasha-vita-more","precautionary-principle","singularitarianism","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/max-more/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"maximum-human-lifespan","title":"Maximum human lifespan","summary":"The longest duration a human being has lived or could live, distinct from average life expectancy and disputed as to whether any fixed ceiling exists.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The Japan 2010 registry audit and the worldwide centenarian growth claim still need citations."],"tags":["aging","demography","mortality","supercentenarians","life extension"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":2562,"readingMinutes":11,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/maximum-human-lifespan","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/maximum-human-lifespan","outbound":["healthspan","compression-of-morbidity","blue-zones","negligible-senescence","cynthia-kenyon","telomeres-and-telomerase","cellular-senescence","stem-cell-exhaustion","inflammaging","hallmarks-of-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","aubrey-de-grey","longevity-escape-velocity","interventions-testing-program","rapamycin","caloric-restriction","dog-aging-project","loyal","biological-age","senolytics","aging-biomarkers","cryonics","epigenetic-clock"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aubrey-de-grey","biological-age","blue-zones","calico","cancer","compression-of-morbidity","cynthia-kenyon","epigenetic-clock","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","interventions-testing-program","leon-kass","leonard-hayflick","longevity-escape-velocity","naked-mole-rat","negligible-senescence","overpopulation-and-longevity","progeria","retatrutide","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","telomeres-and-telomerase"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/maximum-human-lifespan/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-31T23:48:17.074Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"microrobots-in-medicine","title":"Medical microrobots","summary":"Micrometre- to millimetre-scale devices steered through the body by external magnetic, acoustic, or biological means, demonstrated in animals and used clinically only as capsule endoscopes.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"The only such devices used in people are centimetre-scale magnetically steered capsule endoscopes; every therapeutic result comes from animals, flow models, or extracted tissue.","access":"Magnetic capsule endoscopy is offered as a clinical procedure in several countries; no therapeutic microrobot is approved or purchasable anywhere.","reversibility":"context","issues":["The claim that magnetic capsule endoscopy agrees with conventional gastroscopy needs a citation."],"tags":["nanomedicine","microrobots","magnetic steering","drug delivery","biohybrid","imaging"],"categories":["nanomedicine","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1504,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/microrobots-in-medicine","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/microrobots-in-medicine","outbound":["medical-nanorobots","molecular-assembler","xenobots","recoded-organisms","neural-dust","retinal-implant","non-invasive-neuromodulation","targeted-drug-delivery","lipid-nanoparticles","nanoparticle-diagnostics","dna-nanotechnology","respirocytes","grey-goo"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["dna-nanotechnology","eric-drexler","grey-goo","medical-nanorobots","molecular-assembler","nanoparticle-diagnostics","neural-dust","respirocytes","robert-freitas","targeted-drug-delivery","xenobots"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/microrobots-in-medicine/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"medical-nanorobots","title":"Medical nanorobots","summary":"Proposed micron-scale machines that would circulate in the body and perform mechanical repair, a design tradition with no working device and several unsolved physical constraints.","type":"technology","status":"speculative","horizon":"2050s+","trl":2,"humanEvidence":"No medical nanorobot has been given to a person; the nearest devices, DNA origami containers with molecular latches, have been demonstrated in cell culture and in mice.","access":"Nothing to obtain: no such device exists outside design studies, and the approved products marketed as nanomedicine are passive drug formulations rather than machines.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The Drexler-Smalley exchange over mechanosynthesis is described without a citation."],"tags":["nanomedicine","nanorobotics","drug delivery","molecular machines","dna origami","microrobots"],"categories":["nanomedicine"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1964,"readingMinutes":9,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/medical-nanorobots","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/medical-nanorobots","outbound":["eric-drexler","molecular-assembler","respirocytes","artificial-blood","neural-dust","lipid-nanoparticles","targeted-drug-delivery","dna-nanotechnology","microrobots-in-medicine","nanoparticle-diagnostics","ray-kurzweil","grey-goo","human-enhancement","hallmarks-of-aging","senolytics","crispr-cas9","technology-readiness-level","gene-drive","mirror-life","xenobots"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","alcor","artificial-blood","brain-preservation","continuous-glucose-monitoring","cryonics","dna-nanotechnology","eric-drexler","extropianism","grey-goo","lipid-nanoparticles","microrobots-in-medicine","mind-uploading","molecular-assembler","nanoparticle-diagnostics","neural-dust","ray-kurzweil","respirocytes","robert-freitas","targeted-drug-delivery","technology-readiness-level","teleportation-problem","xenobots"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/medical-nanorobots/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"memory-prosthesis","title":"Memory prosthesis","summary":"An implanted device intended to restore or improve memory formation by supplying the pattern of neural activity a damaged or underperforming hippocampus fails to generate.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2040s","trl":3,"humanEvidence":"Within-session experiments in small numbers of epilepsy patients carrying temporary depth electrodes report better recall on laboratory tasks; no person has ever had a chronic memory implant.","access":"Not obtainable on any terms: the work exists only inside research protocols that use electrodes implanted for epilepsy surgery, and no memory prosthesis is approved or sold anywhere.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The fornix stimulation trial in Alzheimer's disease is described without a citation.","The 2012-2013 macaque work in the timeline carries no source."],"tags":["memory","hippocampus","implants","cognitive enhancement","closed-loop","neuroethics"],"categories":["cybernetics","minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1355,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/memory-prosthesis","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/memory-prosthesis","outbound":["neuroprosthetics","cochlear-implant","brain-computer-interface","ecog-interfaces","connectomics","neural-decoding","whole-brain-emulation","mind-uploading","optogenetics","intelligence-amplification","human-enhancement","nootropics","non-invasive-neuromodulation","personal-identity-and-continuity","mental-privacy","neurorights","deep-brain-stimulation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alzheimers-disease","artificial-neurons","brain-computer-interface","brain-preservation","bryan-johnson","connectomics","deep-brain-stimulation","digital-immortality","ecog-interfaces","human-ai-merger","intelligence-amplification","kernel","mental-privacy","neural-decoding","neural-dust","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","non-invasive-neuromodulation","optogenetics","personal-identity-and-continuity","speech-neuroprosthesis","utah-array"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/memory-prosthesis/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"mental-privacy","title":"Mental privacy","summary":"The question of what can be inferred about a person's mental states from neural and physiological recordings, and what protection that information should receive.","type":"concept","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2025 inner-speech decoding result and its mental-password safeguard carry no citation.","The 2024 NeuroRights Foundation review of consumer privacy policies is named without a footnote."],"tags":["privacy","neural data","decoding","surveillance","law","eeg"],"categories":["society","cybernetics","minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1420,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/mental-privacy","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/mental-privacy","outbound":["neurorights","neural-decoding","non-invasive-neuromodulation","utah-array","ecog-interfaces","speech-neuroprosthesis","neuralink","synchron","deep-brain-stimulation","brain-to-brain-interface","wearable-health-sensors","genetic-discrimination","whole-brain-emulation","brain-computer-interface","memory-prosthesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-neurons","brain-computer-interface","brain-to-brain-interface","consumer-blood-testing","deep-brain-stimulation","digital-immortality","ecog-interfaces","enhancement-in-sport","genetic-discrimination","human-ai-merger","human-digital-twins","human-enhancement","kernel","memory-prosthesis","morphological-freedom","neural-decoding","neural-dust","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","non-invasive-neuromodulation","quantified-self","speech-neuroprosthesis","stentrode","synchron","wearable-health-sensors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/mental-privacy/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"metformin","title":"Metformin and the TAME trial","summary":"A generic diabetes drug proposed as a geroprotector, and the large randomized trial designed to make aging itself an acceptable regulatory indication.","type":"intervention","status":"contested","horizon":"2030s","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"The geroprotective case in people is observational, drawn from diabetes prescribing records; no randomized trial has tested a composite age-related endpoint, and two trials in older adults found it blunted the response to exercise training.","access":"A generic prescription drug approved worldwide for type 2 diabetes and costing a few dollars a month; no regulator has approved it for aging, so any such use is off-label.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["The Interventions Testing Program result for metformin is stated without a citation."],"tags":["metformin","aging","clinical trials","drug repurposing","regulation","diabetes"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1282,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/metformin","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/metformin","outbound":["mitochondrial-dysfunction","heat-and-cold-exposure","autophagy","rapamycin","caloric-restriction","inflammaging","cellular-senescence","senolytics","hallmarks-of-aging","exercise-and-aging","nir-barzilai","geroscience-hypothesis","epigenetic-reprogramming","epigenetic-clock","aging-biomarkers","biological-age","compression-of-morbidity","longevity-dividend","healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","aging-biomarkers","autophagy","biological-age","blueprint-protocol","calico","caloric-restriction","cancer","coffee-and-aging","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","cynthia-kenyon","dietary-supplements","dog-aging-project","epigenetic-clock","exercise-and-aging","gene-therapy-for-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","gut-microbiome","healthspan","inflammaging","interventions-testing-program","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","loyal","nad-precursors","nir-barzilai","rapamycin","ray-kurzweil","senolytics","sleep-and-longevity","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/metformin/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"methuselah-foundation","title":"Methuselah Foundation","summary":"A Virginia nonprofit founded in the early 2000s that used prize competitions to seed research on life extension, regenerative medicine and organ engineering.","type":"organization","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The New Organ Liver Prize sum is given only as an order of magnitude and carries no source."],"tags":["aging","prizes","nonprofit","tissue engineering","organ preservation","research funding"],"categories":["organizations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1212,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/methuselah-foundation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/methuselah-foundation","outbound":["aubrey-de-grey","sens-research-foundation","caloric-restriction","rapamycin","organ-shortage","organ-bioprinting","tissue-engineering","cryonics","calico","altos-labs","retro-biosciences","healthspan","longevity-escape-velocity","xprize-healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["altos-labs","aubrey-de-grey","interventions-testing-program","longevity-escape-velocity","overpopulation-and-longevity","sens-research-foundation","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/methuselah-foundation/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"microgravity-adaptation","title":"Microgravity adaptation","summary":"The set of physiological and neural changes by which the human body reorganises itself for weightlessness, and the countermeasures that limit the cost of returning.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Measured directly in astronauts across decades of orbital flight and reproduced on the ground by head-down bed rest; no human data exist for sustained exposure to gravity between zero and one.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Post-2008 improvements in bone and muscle outcomes aboard the ISS are stated without a citation."],"tags":["microgravity","spaceflight","vestibular","bone loss","countermeasures","artificial gravity"],"categories":["space","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1520,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/microgravity-adaptation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/microgravity-adaptation","outbound":["sensory-augmentation","non-invasive-neuromodulation","space-medicine","stem-cell-exhaustion","myostatin-inhibition","hallmarks-of-aging","radiation-hardening-humans","exercise-and-aging","exoskeleton","human-hibernation","closed-loop-life-support","pantropy","generation-ship-biology"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["closed-loop-life-support","exoskeleton","human-hibernation","myostatin-inhibition","pantropy","radiation-hardening-humans","sarcopenia","space-medicine"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/microgravity-adaptation/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"mind-uploading","title":"Mind uploading","summary":"The hypothetical transfer of a person's mind to a computational substrate, such that the resulting process is that person rather than a description of them.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"2050s+","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The Brain Preservation Foundation prize awards of 2016 and 2018 carry no citation."],"tags":["uploading","emulation","identity","consciousness","brain preservation","functionalism"],"categories":["minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1791,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/mind-uploading","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/mind-uploading","outbound":["whole-brain-emulation","machine-consciousness","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","personal-identity-and-continuity","substrate-independence","connectomics","medical-nanorobots","teleportation-problem","brain-computer-interface","human-ai-merger","transhumanism","singularitarianism","brain-preservation","cryonics","alcor","digital-immortality","access-and-inequality","right-to-die-and-right-to-live"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alcor","anders-sandberg","artificial-general-intelligence","artificial-neurons","brain-preservation","brain-to-brain-interface","bryan-johnson","connectomics","cryonics","digital-immortality","extropianism","head-transplant","human-ai-merger","human-digital-twins","machine-consciousness","memory-prosthesis","natasha-vita-more","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","personal-identity-and-continuity","posthuman","ray-kurzweil","singularitarianism","substrate-independence","teleportation-problem","transhumanism","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/mind-uploading/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"mirror-life","title":"Mirror life","summary":"Hypothetical organisms built from mirror-image biological molecules, which a large group of scientists argued in 2024 could evade immunity and predation and should not be created.","type":"risk","status":"speculative","horizon":"2050s+","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No mirror organism exists, so no person has ever been exposed to one; the nearest human exposure is to mirror-image molecules, such as the L-configured aptamers taken into clinical trials as Spiegelmers.","access":"Nothing to obtain: no mirror organism exists anywhere, and the peptide chemistry needed to build one is far beyond current capability.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The 2025 European meetings on mirror-life governance are described without a citation."],"tags":["synthetic biology","biosafety","chirality","moratorium","governance","catastrophic risk"],"categories":["genetics","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1536,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/mirror-life","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/mirror-life","outbound":["targeted-drug-delivery","dna-nanotechnology","gene-drive","synthetic-genomes","recoded-organisms","governance-of-genome-editing","asilomar-conference","differential-technological-development","dual-use-research","existential-risk","grey-goo","molecular-assembler","precautionary-principle"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-protein-design","asilomar-conference","closed-loop-life-support","differential-technological-development","dual-use-research","engineered-pandemics","existential-risk","future-of-humanity","gene-drive","george-church","grey-goo","medical-nanorobots","precautionary-principle","recoded-organisms","synthetic-genomes","xenobots"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/mirror-life/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"mitochondrial-dysfunction","title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in aging","summary":"Age-related decline in mitochondrial energy production, quality control and signalling, once explained by free-radical damage and now understood as a more tangled process.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Falling respiratory capacity and clonally expanded mtDNA deletions are documented in aged human muscle and brain tissue; antioxidant trials in people found no mortality benefit and signals of harm.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2005 mitochondria-targeted catalase result in the timeline carries no citation."],"tags":["aging","mitochondria","oxidative stress","mtdna","metabolism","mechanisms"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1167,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/mitochondrial-dysfunction","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/mitochondrial-dysfunction","outbound":["hallmarks-of-aging","dietary-supplements","negligible-senescence","exercise-and-aging","autophagy","aging-biomarkers","nad-precursors","caloric-restriction","rapamycin","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","gene-therapy-for-aging","cellular-senescence","proteostasis","inflammaging"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aubrey-de-grey","autophagy","caloric-restriction","cellular-senescence","dietary-supplements","exercise-and-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","hallmarks-of-aging","heat-and-cold-exposure","inflammaging","metformin","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","nad-precursors","naked-mole-rat","negligible-senescence","nir-barzilai","proteostasis","reproductive-longevity","sarcopenia","senolytics","sens-research-foundation","space-medicine","stem-cell-exhaustion"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/mitochondrial-dysfunction/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","title":"Mitochondrial replacement therapy","summary":"A set of IVF techniques that place a mother's nuclear DNA in a donor egg to prevent transmission of mitochondrial DNA disease, licensed in a few countries and used rarely.","type":"intervention","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":8,"humanEvidence":"Children have been born after the procedure in several countries; the largest reported series is eight UK births, with the mother's pathogenic mtDNA undetectable or below disease thresholds and follow-up still short.","access":"Licensed case by case in the UK and permitted on a staged pathway in Australia, blocked in the US by an appropriations rider, and sold for infertility by clinics in countries with no specific rules.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The claim that infertility use accounts for much of the worldwide birth total needs a source."],"tags":["reproduction","mitochondria","ivf","germline","regulation","heteroplasmy"],"categories":["reproduction","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1498,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","outbound":["embryo-selection","human-cloning","he-jiankui-affair","governance-of-genome-editing","germline-editing","bioethics-of-enhancement","disability-rights-and-enhancement","access-and-inequality","base-editing","in-vitro-gametogenesis","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","hallmarks-of-aging","mitochondrial-dysfunction","designer-babies","reproductive-longevity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["designer-babies","ectogenesis","embryo-selection","generation-ship-biology","germline-editing","governance-of-genome-editing","human-cloning","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vitro-gametogenesis","mitochondrial-dysfunction","polygenic-embryo-screening","sens-research-foundation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/mitochondrial-replacement-therapy/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"molecular-assembler","title":"Molecular assembler","summary":"A proposed machine that would build objects by positioning individual atoms, central to Drexler's nanotechnology programme and disputed by chemists since the 1990s.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["nanotechnology","mechanosynthesis","manufacturing","molecular machines","drexler","chemistry"],"categories":["nanomedicine"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1561,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/molecular-assembler","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/molecular-assembler","outbound":["eric-drexler","medical-nanorobots","grey-goo","respirocytes","ray-kurzweil","technological-singularity","existential-risk","dna-nanotechnology","synthetic-genomes","ai-protein-design","lipid-nanoparticles","targeted-drug-delivery","microrobots-in-medicine","technology-readiness-level","precautionary-principle"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["cryonics","dna-nanotechnology","eric-drexler","grey-goo","medical-nanorobots","microrobots-in-medicine","mirror-life","respirocytes","robert-freitas","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/molecular-assembler/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"moral-enhancement","title":"Moral enhancement","summary":"The proposal to improve human moral motivation by biomedical means, argued for as a response to technologies that outpace evolved moral psychology.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No agent has been shown to change how a person actually treats anyone; every human result is a shift on a questionnaire or a laboratory task, measured in a single session in healthy volunteers.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["ethics","enhancement","psychopharmacology","autonomy","existential risk","bioethics"],"categories":["enhancement","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1471,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/moral-enhancement","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/moral-enhancement","outbound":["human-enhancement","julian-savulescu","existential-risk","dual-use-research","nootropics","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","intelligence-amplification","deep-brain-stimulation","non-invasive-neuromodulation","psychedelic-therapy","morphological-freedom","neurorights","bioconservatism","leon-kass","bioethics-of-enhancement","artificial-general-intelligence","precautionary-principle","differential-technological-development"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["bioethics-of-enhancement","deep-brain-stimulation","enhancement-arms-race","human-enhancement","julian-savulescu","leon-kass","personal-identity-and-continuity","procreative-beneficence","psychedelic-therapy"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/moral-enhancement/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"morphological-freedom","title":"Morphological freedom","summary":"The claimed right to modify one's own body and mind as one chooses, and the correlative right to refuse modification imposed by others.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Morgan 1991 and Davis 1995 are summarised from an abstract and Heyes 2007; check against the full texts.","Criticism: the clause on principles counting only formal coercion has no direct source.","Legal footing, the Chile and neural-data claims, and the BIID and ICD-11 paragraph lack citations."],"tags":["autonomy","rights","bodily integrity","enhancement","law","ethics","cosmetic surgery"],"categories":["society","enhancement"],"updated":"2026-10-30","wordCount":1906,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/morphological-freedom","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/morphological-freedom","outbound":["transhumanism","max-more","anders-sandberg","access-and-inequality","nick-bostrom","uterus-transplantation","germline-editing","designer-babies","procreative-beneficence","enhancement-arms-race","enhancement-in-sport","bioconservatism","leon-kass","disability-rights-and-enhancement","face-and-hand-transplantation","biohacking","neurorights","mental-privacy","human-enhancement","bioethics-of-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-womb","biohacking","brain-preservation","cochlear-implant","cryonics","disability-rights-and-enhancement","ectogenesis","effective-accelerationism","enhancement-arms-race","enhancement-in-sport","extropianism","face-and-hand-transplantation","fm-2030","head-transplant","human-enhancement","humanity-plus","max-more","moral-enhancement","myoelectric-prosthetics","natasha-vita-more","neurorights","nootropics","osseointegration","pantropy","posthuman","psychedelic-therapy","respirocytes","robotic-avatars","sensory-augmentation","transhumanism","uterus-transplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/morphological-freedom/history","revisions":4,"edits":3,"currentRevision":4,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-30T07:48:12.338Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"myoelectric-prosthetics","title":"Myoelectric prosthetics","summary":"Externally powered artificial limbs controlled by electrical activity recorded from the wearer's residual muscles, the dominant design for powered upper-limb prostheses.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Routine clinical care in human amputees since the 1960s; a randomized trial supports targeted muscle reinnervation for neuroma pain rather than for control, and osseointegrated implanted-electrode arms have been used at home by a small number of patients.","access":"Commercially available and fitted through prosthetics clinics in high-income countries; advanced hands run to tens of thousands of dollars before socket and therapy, and reimbursement varies sharply between health systems.","reversibility":"partly-reversible","issues":["Device cost, reimbursement and 3D-printed-hand claims are stated without sources."],"tags":["prosthetics","amputation","emg","assistive technology","rehabilitation","sensory feedback"],"categories":["bodies","cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1391,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/myoelectric-prosthetics","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/myoelectric-prosthetics","outbound":["neural-decoding","brain-computer-interface","osseointegration","access-and-inequality","cochlear-implant","disability-rights-and-enhancement","morphological-freedom","neuroprosthetics","sensory-augmentation","exoskeleton","enhancement-in-sport","human-enhancement","limb-regeneration"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["disability-rights-and-enhancement","enhancement-in-sport","exoskeleton","face-and-hand-transplantation","limb-regeneration","neuroprosthetics","osseointegration","robotic-avatars","sensory-augmentation","utah-array"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/myoelectric-prosthetics/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"myostatin-inhibition","title":"Myostatin inhibition","summary":"Blockade of the growth factor myostatin to increase skeletal muscle mass, an effect reproduced across species that has repeatedly failed to translate into functional benefit in humans.","type":"intervention","status":"experimental","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"Antibody trials in muscular dystrophy and inclusion body myositis raised lean mass but missed functional endpoints; one reported a positive phase 3 in spinal muscular atrophy, and the huge-muscle phenotypes come from lifelong gene loss, not adult dosing.","access":"No approved product: the spinal muscular atrophy antibody was still under United States regulatory review as of mid-2026, while follistatin gene-transfer constructs are sold to individuals by ventures sited beyond the reach of drug regulators.","reversibility":"context","issues":["The 2024 spinal muscular atrophy phase 3 result and its regulatory hold carry no citation."],"tags":["muscle","sarcopenia","enhancement","gene therapy","clinical trials","follistatin"],"categories":["enhancement","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1320,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/myostatin-inhibition","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/myostatin-inhibition","outbound":["crispr-cas9","glp-1-receptor-agonists","space-medicine","microgravity-adaptation","stem-cell-exhaustion","biohacking","gene-doping","bryan-johnson","gene-therapy-for-aging","exercise-and-aging","human-enhancement","enhancement-in-sport","somatic-gene-therapy","aav-vectors","healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","biohacking","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","enhancement-arms-race","enhancement-in-sport","gene-doping","gene-therapy-for-aging","george-church","glp-1-receptor-agonists","human-enhancement","klotho","microgravity-adaptation","pantropy","parabiosis-and-young-blood","sarcopenia","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/myostatin-inhibition/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"nad-precursors","title":"NAD+ precursors","summary":"Supplements such as nicotinamide riboside and NMN that raise cellular NAD+ levels, with strong pharmacokinetic evidence and weak evidence of any functional benefit.","type":"intervention","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"Oral nicotinamide riboside reproducibly raises blood NAD+ in human trials; no trial has shown a functional benefit in healthy older adults, and the results on mitochondria and stem cell decline come from mice.","access":"Nicotinamide riboside is sold freely as a dietary supplement in the United States; NMN's supplement status there is disputed and major retailers delisted it, and clinics sell intravenous NAD+ infusions direct to consumers.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["The NMN regulatory determination and the retailer delistings are described without a citation."],"tags":["nad","sirtuins","supplements","aging","metabolism","regulation"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1152,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/nad-precursors","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/nad-precursors","outbound":["inflammaging","cellular-senescence","mitochondrial-dysfunction","hallmarks-of-aging","caloric-restriction","david-sinclair","stem-cell-exhaustion","senolytics","parabiosis-and-young-blood","rapamycin","dietary-supplements","epigenetic-clock","aging-biomarkers","healthspan","metformin","exercise-and-aging","geroscience-hypothesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["autophagy","buck-institute","coffee-and-aging","david-sinclair","dietary-supplements","exercise-and-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","hallmarks-of-aging","interventions-testing-program","magnesium-l-threonate","mitochondrial-dysfunction","rapamycin","ray-kurzweil","reproductive-longevity","senolytics","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/nad-precursors/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"naked-mole-rat","title":"Naked mole-rat","summary":"A small eusocial African rodent whose flat mortality curve, tumour resistance and anoxia tolerance make it comparative biogerontology's central model organism.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No naked mole-rat-derived intervention has been tested in people; the only lifespan result outside the species is in transgenic mice.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["aging","comparative biology","cancer resistance","model organism","mortality","biogerontology"],"categories":["longevity","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1561,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/naked-mole-rat","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/naked-mole-rat","outbound":["negligible-senescence","maximum-human-lifespan","calico","cancer","human-hibernation","hallmarks-of-aging","proteostasis","mitochondrial-dysfunction","cellular-senescence","telomeres-and-telomerase","inflammaging","stem-cell-exhaustion","gene-therapy-for-aging","somatic-gene-therapy","geroscience-hypothesis","tardigrade-genes","caloric-restriction","exercise-and-aging","rapamycin","aging-biomarkers","healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["negligible-senescence"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/naked-mole-rat/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"nanoparticle-diagnostics","title":"Nanoscale diagnostics","summary":"Detection methods that read single molecules or use nanoscale labels, including liquid biopsy, multi-cancer blood tests, and nanopore sensing, together with their overdiagnosis costs.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":8,"humanEvidence":"Tumour genotyping from blood is routine care, and a randomized trial used circulating tumour DNA to guide chemotherapy in stage II colon cancer; no multi-cancer blood test has been shown to reduce mortality in people.","access":"Lateral flow tests and tumour genotyping are routine clinical care; a cell-free DNA colorectal screen was approved in the United States in 2024, and multi-cancer tests are sold outside organised screening programmes rather than reimbursed by them.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["The England multi-cancer screening trial is named and sized without a citation.","Activity-based synthetic biomarkers are said to be in early clinical development without a source."],"tags":["nanomedicine","diagnostics","liquid biopsy","cancer screening","nanopore","biomarkers"],"categories":["nanomedicine"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1416,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/nanoparticle-diagnostics","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/nanoparticle-diagnostics","outbound":["targeted-drug-delivery","epigenetic-clock","crispr-cas9","medical-nanorobots","dna-nanotechnology","microrobots-in-medicine","stem-cell-exhaustion","hallmarks-of-aging","consumer-blood-testing","access-and-inequality","genetic-discrimination","aging-biomarkers","biological-age","geroscience-hypothesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["consumer-blood-testing","dna-nanotechnology","embryo-selection","genetic-discrimination","medical-nanorobots","microrobots-in-medicine","targeted-drug-delivery"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/nanoparticle-diagnostics/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"natasha-vita-more","title":"Natasha Vita-More","summary":"American designer and theorist who wrote the Transhumanist Arts Statement, designed the Primo Posthuman body concept, and led Humanity+ for much of the 2010s.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Birth year and birth name in the infobox carry no source.","The Reception section characterises critical posthumanist criticism without citing any of it."],"tags":["transhumanism","design","cryonics","human enhancement","art"],"categories":["people"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1040,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/natasha-vita-more","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/natasha-vita-more","outbound":["transhumanism","humanity-plus","max-more","posthuman","personal-identity-and-continuity","morphological-freedom","sensory-augmentation","cryonics","brain-preservation","nick-bostrom","neuroprosthetics","exoskeleton","mind-uploading","substrate-independence","extropianism","human-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["extropianism","fm-2030","humanity-plus","max-more","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/natasha-vita-more/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"negligible-senescence","title":"Negligible senescence","summary":"The condition of organisms whose risk of death does not measurably rise, and whose physiological function does not measurably decline, with age after maturity.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Wild mortality data for naked mole-rats and testudines are not yet compared with the captive data.","The frozen-mortality section uses US and EU data only; other regions are not covered."],"tags":["aging","comparative biology","mortality","naked mole-rat","hydra","biogerontology"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":2367,"readingMinutes":11,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/negligible-senescence","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/negligible-senescence","outbound":["naked-mole-rat","calico","maximum-human-lifespan","hallmarks-of-aging","telomeres-and-telomerase","mitochondrial-dysfunction","autophagy","biological-age","epigenetic-clock","aubrey-de-grey","sens-research-foundation","gene-therapy-for-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","cellular-senescence","proteostasis","stem-cell-exhaustion","limb-regeneration","healthspan","longevity-escape-velocity","cynthia-kenyon"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aubrey-de-grey","blue-zones","calico","caloric-restriction","cancer","cynthia-kenyon","epigenetic-clock","hallmarks-of-aging","human-hibernation","leonard-hayflick","limb-regeneration","longevity-escape-velocity","maximum-human-lifespan","mitochondrial-dysfunction","naked-mole-rat","proteostasis","sens-research-foundation","steve-horvath","tardigrade-genes","telomeres-and-telomerase"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/negligible-senescence/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-31T23:48:17.074Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"neural-correlates-of-consciousness","title":"Neural correlates of consciousness","summary":"The minimal neural activity jointly sufficient for a specific conscious experience, and the experimental programme that tries to identify it.","type":"concept","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2023 open letter on whether IIT is testable is mentioned without a citation.","Recurrent processing, higher-order and attention schema theories are stated without sources."],"tags":["consciousness","neuroscience","integrated information","global workspace","anaesthesia","experiment"],"categories":["minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1428,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/neural-correlates-of-consciousness","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/neural-correlates-of-consciousness","outbound":["organoids","ecog-interfaces","neural-decoding","optogenetics","substrate-independence","non-invasive-neuromodulation","psychedelic-therapy","brain-computer-interface","deep-brain-stimulation","machine-consciousness","mind-uploading","whole-brain-emulation","artificial-general-intelligence","digital-immortality","connectomics","personal-identity-and-continuity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-preservation","connectomics","digital-immortality","machine-consciousness","mind-uploading","neural-decoding","optogenetics","organoids","personal-identity-and-continuity","psychedelic-therapy","substrate-independence","technological-singularity","teleportation-problem","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/neural-correlates-of-consciousness/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"neural-decoding","title":"Neural decoding","summary":"The inference of a stimulus, intention, or mental state from measured neural activity, and the statistical machinery that makes brain-computer interfaces work.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Image reconstruction from fMRI with diffusion models is discussed without a citation."],"tags":["bci","neural decoding","machine learning","fmri","neural manifolds","mental privacy"],"categories":["cybernetics","minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1314,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/neural-decoding","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/neural-decoding","outbound":["brain-computer-interface","utah-array","speech-neuroprosthesis","ecog-interfaces","stentrode","deep-brain-stimulation","memory-prosthesis","brain-to-brain-interface","neuralink","mental-privacy","neurorights","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","connectomics","whole-brain-emulation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-general-intelligence","artificial-neurons","brain-computer-interface","brain-preservation","brain-to-brain-interface","cochlear-implant","connectomics","cortical-visual-prosthesis","deep-brain-stimulation","ecog-interfaces","exoskeleton","human-ai-merger","kernel","memory-prosthesis","mental-privacy","myoelectric-prosthetics","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","neural-dust","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","non-invasive-neuromodulation","optogenetics","osseointegration","retinal-implant","sensory-augmentation","speech-neuroprosthesis","stentrode","synchron","utah-array","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/neural-decoding/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"neural-dust","title":"Neural dust and ultrasonic implants","summary":"A proposed class of millimetre-scale wireless implants powered and read out by ultrasound, intended to replace tethered electrode arrays with distributed untethered sensors.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"No human study of ultrasonic neural dust has been published; the in vivo work is in anaesthetized rats and covers peripheral nerve and muscle, not cortex, while related magnetoelectric stimulators have reached first-in-human study.","access":"Nothing to obtain: these are laboratory devices with no approved product, no commercial supplier, and no trial of an ultrasonic mote in a person.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The magnetoelectric first-in-human studies are described without a citation."],"tags":["implants","ultrasound","wireless","miniaturization","bci","neural recording"],"categories":["cybernetics","nanomedicine"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1314,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/neural-dust","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/neural-dust","outbound":["utah-array","neuroprosthetics","deep-brain-stimulation","non-invasive-neuromodulation","mental-privacy","medical-nanorobots","brain-computer-interface","microrobots-in-medicine","targeted-drug-delivery","neuralink","ecog-interfaces","stentrode","neural-decoding","whole-brain-emulation","memory-prosthesis","neurorights"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-neurons","brain-computer-interface","medical-nanorobots","microrobots-in-medicine","neuroprosthetics"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/neural-dust/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"neuralink","title":"Neuralink","summary":"American neurotechnology company founded in 2016 developing a wireless implanted brain-computer interface with flexible electrode threads inserted by a surgical robot.","type":"organization","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Participant counts after January 2026 come only from secondary trackers; add once Neuralink or a registry confirms.","Unconfirmed whether the next-generation robot has been used in a trial surgery; add once Neuralink says so."],"tags":["bci","neurotechnology","implants","elon musk","clinical trials","paralysis"],"categories":["organizations","cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":2503,"readingMinutes":11,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/neuralink","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/neuralink","outbound":["brain-computer-interface","utah-array","neural-decoding","cochlear-implant","deep-brain-stimulation","neuroprosthetics","speech-neuroprosthesis","cortical-visual-prosthesis","retinal-implant","ecog-interfaces","synchron","stentrode","brain-to-brain-interface","human-ai-merger","mental-privacy","neurorights"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-computer-interface","brain-to-brain-interface","bryan-johnson","cortical-visual-prosthesis","ecog-interfaces","human-ai-merger","kernel","mental-privacy","neural-decoding","neural-dust","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","speech-neuroprosthesis","stentrode","synchron","utah-array"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/neuralink/history","revisions":5,"edits":4,"currentRevision":5,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-11-01T08:11:32.415Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"neuroprosthetics","title":"Neuroprosthetics","summary":"The engineering field that builds devices interfacing directly with the nervous system to restore lost sensory, motor, cognitive, or autonomic function.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"Cochlear implants, deep brain stimulators and spinal cord stimulators are in routine clinical use in large patient populations; every bidirectional cortical result rests on single-digit numbers of participants.","access":"Hearing, movement-disorder, pain and bladder devices are approved and reimbursed in high-income countries; cortical, spinal and sensory-feedback systems are available only inside research studies.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The late-2024 transcutaneous spinal stimulation clearance is unnamed and uncited.","The withdrawal of retinal implant support is cited to no source."],"tags":["neurotechnology","implants","sensory restoration","paralysis","neuromodulation","assistive technology"],"categories":["cybernetics","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1467,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/neuroprosthetics","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/neuroprosthetics","outbound":["cochlear-implant","deep-brain-stimulation","retinal-implant","brain-computer-interface","myoelectric-prosthetics","memory-prosthesis","utah-array","ecog-interfaces","stentrode","neural-decoding","osseointegration","optogenetics","mental-privacy","neurorights","access-and-inequality","human-enhancement","sensory-augmentation","brain-to-brain-interface","neuralink","synchron","neural-dust","artificial-neurons","limb-regeneration","exoskeleton","speech-neuroprosthesis","non-invasive-neuromodulation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-heart","artificial-neurons","brain-computer-interface","brain-to-brain-interface","cochlear-implant","cortical-visual-prosthesis","deep-brain-stimulation","ecog-interfaces","exoskeleton","face-and-hand-transplantation","head-transplant","memory-prosthesis","myoelectric-prosthetics","natasha-vita-more","neural-dust","neuralink","non-invasive-neuromodulation","optogenetics","osseointegration","retinal-implant","robotic-avatars","sensory-augmentation","speech-neuroprosthesis","stentrode","synchron","teleportation-problem","utah-array"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/neuroprosthetics/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"neurorights","title":"Neurorights","summary":"A proposed set of human rights covering mental privacy, cognitive liberty, and mental integrity, drafted in response to brain-recording and brain-stimulation technology.","type":"concept","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["No statute, judgment or recommendation is cited directly; all three sources are journal articles.","Chile's 2023 Supreme Court ruling and the 2025 UNESCO recommendation need sources."],"tags":["law","human rights","privacy","neurotechnology","governance","regulation"],"categories":["society","cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1374,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/neurorights","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/neurorights","outbound":["human-enhancement","access-and-inequality","brain-computer-interface","ecog-interfaces","neural-decoding","speech-neuroprosthesis","deep-brain-stimulation","non-invasive-neuromodulation","mental-privacy","wearable-health-sensors","genetic-discrimination","memory-prosthesis","neuralink","synchron","morphological-freedom"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-neurons","brain-computer-interface","brain-to-brain-interface","cortical-visual-prosthesis","deep-brain-stimulation","genetic-discrimination","human-ai-merger","human-enhancement","humanity-plus","kernel","machine-consciousness","memory-prosthesis","mental-privacy","moral-enhancement","morphological-freedom","neural-decoding","neural-dust","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","non-invasive-neuromodulation","retinal-implant","speech-neuroprosthesis","stentrode","synchron","wearable-health-sensors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/neurorights/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"newlimit","title":"NewLimit","summary":"A biotechnology company founded in 2021 to screen transcription-factor combinations that restore youthful function to aged cells without changing their identity.","type":"organization","status":"emerging","horizon":"2030s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2024 public data release and the 2025 funding round are described without a source."],"tags":["reprogramming","transcription factors","epigenetics","biotech","aging","liver"],"categories":["organizations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1104,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/newlimit","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/newlimit","outbound":["partial-reprogramming","altos-labs","yamanaka-factors","calico","ai-drug-discovery","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","lipid-nanoparticles","aav-vectors","inflammaging","xprize-healthspan","somatic-gene-therapy","retro-biosciences","epigenetic-reprogramming","geroscience-hypothesis","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-protein-design","altos-labs","calico","david-sinclair","epigenetic-reprogramming","epigenome-editing","immunosenescence","partial-reprogramming","retro-biosciences","shinya-yamanaka","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/newlimit/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"nick-bostrom","title":"Nick Bostrom","summary":"Swedish philosopher who defined existential risk as a field, wrote Superintelligence, and formulated the simulation argument and the vulnerable world hypothesis.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Every reference is by Bostrom; the reception and criticism section cites no critic directly.","The 2024 closure of FHI and the 2023 mailing-list episode carry no source."],"tags":["existential risk","transhumanism","artificial intelligence","philosophy","forecasting"],"categories":["people","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1000,"readingMinutes":4,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/nick-bostrom","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/nick-bostrom","outbound":["humanity-plus","anders-sandberg","eric-drexler","whole-brain-emulation","human-enhancement","dual-use-research","existential-risk","substrate-independence","differential-technological-development","precautionary-principle","longevity-escape-velocity","artificial-general-intelligence","extropianism","technological-singularity","transhumanism","posthuman","leon-kass"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["anders-sandberg","artificial-general-intelligence","bioconservatism","brain-preservation","differential-technological-development","dual-use-research","effective-accelerationism","engineered-pandemics","eric-drexler","existential-risk","extropianism","future-of-humanity","grey-goo","human-enhancement","humanity-plus","intelligence-amplification","julian-savulescu","leon-kass","max-more","morphological-freedom","natasha-vita-more","posthuman","precautionary-principle","ray-kurzweil","singularitarianism","substrate-independence","technological-singularity","transhumanism","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/nick-bostrom/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"nir-barzilai","title":"Nir Barzilai","summary":"Israeli-American physician-scientist whose centenarian genetics work and proposed TAME trial aim to make aging itself an acceptable regulatory indication.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["aging","centenarians","genetics","metformin","clinical trials","geroscience","regulation"],"categories":["people","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1612,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/nir-barzilai","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/nir-barzilai","outbound":["metformin","geroscience-hypothesis","mitochondrial-dysfunction","compression-of-morbidity","exercise-and-aging","blue-zones","cynthia-kenyon","aging-biomarkers","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","rapamycin","healthspan","longevity-escape-velocity","aubrey-de-grey","david-sinclair","longevity-dividend","buck-institute","xprize-healthspan","senolytics","glp-1-receptor-agonists","hallmarks-of-aging","access-and-inequality"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","blue-zones","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","calico","compression-of-morbidity","cynthia-kenyon","dog-aging-project","geroscience-hypothesis","interventions-testing-program","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","loyal","metformin","rapamycin","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/nir-barzilai/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"non-invasive-neuromodulation","title":"Non-invasive neuromodulation","summary":"Magnetic, electrical, and ultrasonic techniques that alter neural excitability through the intact skull or peripheral nerves, without surgery or implanted hardware.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":8,"humanEvidence":"Repetitive TMS for depression is supported by sham-controlled trials in patients and is cleared and reimbursed; tDCS enhancement studies in healthy adults are small and showed no reliable effect when pooled.","access":"TMS is delivered in clinics and covered by many health systems; tDCS has no approved US indication yet is sold as a consumer wellness device and built at home; ultrasound is research-only.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["The mid-2020s sham-controlled vagus nerve stimulation trial for depression is unnamed and uncited."],"tags":["tms","tdcs","ultrasound","vagus nerve","cognitive enhancement","replication"],"categories":["cybernetics","enhancement"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1742,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/non-invasive-neuromodulation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/non-invasive-neuromodulation","outbound":["deep-brain-stimulation","neuroprosthetics","brain-computer-interface","psychedelic-therapy","nootropics","intelligence-amplification","memory-prosthesis","sleep-reduction","biohacking","mental-privacy","neurorights","enhancement-in-sport","bioethics-of-enhancement","glymphatic-system","neural-decoding","optogenetics","human-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alzheimers-disease","bioethics-of-enhancement","brain-computer-interface","brain-to-brain-interface","deep-brain-stimulation","enhancement-arms-race","glymphatic-system","human-enhancement","human-hibernation","intelligence-amplification","kernel","memory-prosthesis","mental-privacy","microgravity-adaptation","microrobots-in-medicine","moral-enhancement","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","neural-dust","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","nootropics","optogenetics","psychedelic-therapy","sleep-and-longevity","stentrode","targeted-drug-delivery","wearable-health-sensors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/non-invasive-neuromodulation/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"nootropics","title":"Nootropics","summary":"Substances taken to improve cognition in healthy people, a category whose best-evidenced members produce small effects and whose best-selling members produce none.","type":"intervention","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"Meta-analyses in healthy adults find small effects of stimulants and modafinil on laboratory tasks; no trial has shown any nootropic improves a real-world outcome, and the racetams have almost no modern human data.","access":"Caffeine and supplement blends are sold over the counter with no efficacy review; stimulants and modafinil are prescription-only and used off-label; racetams are bought online outside any approval.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":[],"tags":["cognition","enhancement","pharmacology","supplements","evidence","regulation"],"categories":["enhancement"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1486,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/nootropics","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/nootropics","outbound":["coffee-and-aging","magnesium-l-threonate","dietary-supplements","sleep-reduction","enhancement-arms-race","bioethics-of-enhancement","julian-savulescu","morphological-freedom","biohacking","enhancement-in-sport","gene-doping","human-enhancement","non-invasive-neuromodulation","psychedelic-therapy","intelligence-amplification","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","exercise-and-aging"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["anders-sandberg","bioethics-of-enhancement","biohacking","coffee-and-aging","dietary-supplements","enhancement-arms-race","enhancement-in-sport","extropianism","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","human-enhancement","intelligence-amplification","magnesium-l-threonate","memory-prosthesis","moral-enhancement","non-invasive-neuromodulation","posthuman","psychedelic-therapy","quantified-self","sleep-reduction"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/nootropics/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"crispr-off-target-effects","title":"Off-target effects in genome editing","summary":"Unintended DNA changes caused by genome editors, either at sites resembling the target or at the target itself, and the assays used to find them.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2024 FDA final guidance on genome editing products is described without a citation."],"tags":["crispr","genome editing","safety","gene therapy","regulation","mutagenesis"],"categories":["genetics","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1192,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/crispr-off-target-effects","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/crispr-off-target-effects","outbound":["crispr-cas9","epigenome-editing","xenotransplantation","embryo-selection","germline-editing","aav-vectors","lipid-nanoparticles","base-editing","prime-editing","casgevy","somatic-gene-therapy","governance-of-genome-editing","he-jiankui-affair","gene-drive","precautionary-principle"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","ai-drug-discovery","base-editing","cancer","casgevy","colossal-biosciences","crispr-cas9","de-extinction","designer-babies","embryo-selection","emmanuelle-charpentier","epigenome-editing","gene-doping","gene-drive","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","germline-editing","he-jiankui-affair","in-vivo-car-t","jennifer-doudna","lipid-nanoparticles","pantropy","prime-editing","progeria","radiation-hardening-humans","somatic-gene-therapy","tardigrade-genes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/crispr-off-target-effects/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"optogenetics","title":"Optogenetics","summary":"A technique that makes selected neurons light-sensitive by expressing microbial opsin genes in them, allowing their activity to be switched on or off on a millisecond timescale.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"One published case report describes partial visual recovery in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa after opsin delivery to retinal ganglion cells; every use outside the eye, from engram control to cochlear and cardiac work, is in animals.","access":"Nothing to obtain clinically: no optogenetic therapy is approved anywhere and the only human use is inside ophthalmology trials, while opsin constructs are standard laboratory reagents.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["Opsin trials targeting bipolar cells are mentioned without a source."],"tags":["neuroscience","opsins","gene delivery","circuit mapping","vision restoration","research tools"],"categories":["cybernetics","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1336,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/optogenetics","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/optogenetics","outbound":["deep-brain-stimulation","aav-vectors","whole-brain-emulation","memory-prosthesis","brain-computer-interface","connectomics","retinal-implant","cochlear-implant","somatic-gene-therapy","crispr-cas9","lipid-nanoparticles","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","neuroprosthetics","neural-decoding","non-invasive-neuromodulation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","artificial-neurons","brain-to-brain-interface","cochlear-implant","connectomics","cortical-visual-prosthesis","deep-brain-stimulation","glymphatic-system","human-hibernation","memory-prosthesis","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","neuroprosthetics","non-invasive-neuromodulation","retinal-implant","sensory-augmentation","utah-array"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/optogenetics/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"organ-bioprinting","title":"Organ bioprinting","summary":"The additive manufacture of living tissue by depositing cells and biomaterials in a programmed pattern, pursued as a route to transplantable organs but limited so far to simple structures.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2040s","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"A printed autologous ear cartilage implant has been placed in patients in a microtia trial and printed skin has reached early human work; no printed solid organ has been implanted in a person or supported an animal.","access":"Nothing to obtain: printed tissue is sold only as a research and drug-screening product, and the sole human implants are inside small company-run trials.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The 2022 3DBio ear implant and the microtia trial are described without a source."],"tags":["bioprinting","tissue engineering","vascularization","regenerative medicine","transplantation","biofabrication"],"categories":["bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1791,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/organ-bioprinting","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/organ-bioprinting","outbound":["tissue-engineering","decellularized-scaffolds","space-medicine","xenotransplantation","artificial-heart","lab-grown-organs","artificial-blood","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","somatic-gene-therapy","organoids","epigenetic-reprogramming","access-and-inequality","technology-readiness-level","limb-regeneration","organ-shortage"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-heart","decellularized-scaffolds","future-of-humanity","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","lab-grown-organs","limb-regeneration","methuselah-foundation","organ-shortage","organoids","technology-readiness-level","tissue-engineering","uterus-transplantation","xenobots","xenotransplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/organ-bioprinting/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"organ-shortage","title":"Organ shortage","summary":"The persistent gap between the number of people who need a transplant and the number of usable donated organs, which drives most work on engineered and animal-derived replacements.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Waiting-list size, the daily death figure and the 2023 transplant record are attributed to federal agencies but uncited.","The claim that Iran eliminated its kidney waiting list needs a source."],"tags":["transplantation","health policy","donation","allocation","bioethics","kidney"],"categories":["bodies","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1545,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/organ-shortage","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/organ-shortage","outbound":["xenotransplantation","organ-bioprinting","lab-grown-organs","artificial-heart","artificial-blood","uterus-transplantation","tissue-engineering","decellularized-scaffolds","organoids","glp-1-receptor-agonists","somatic-gene-therapy","geroscience-hypothesis","longevity-dividend","compression-of-morbidity","access-and-inequality"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","alcor","artificial-blood","artificial-heart","cryonics","decellularized-scaffolds","face-and-hand-transplantation","head-transplant","human-hibernation","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","lab-grown-organs","methuselah-foundation","organ-bioprinting","organoids","precautionary-principle","shinya-yamanaka","tissue-engineering","uterus-transplantation","xenotransplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/organ-shortage/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"organoids","title":"Organoids","summary":"Self-organizing tissue cultures grown from stem cells that reproduce some of the architecture and function of an organ, used mainly for disease modelling rather than transplantation.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"Organoids grown from a patient's own biopsy are used in the Netherlands to predict that patient's response to cystic fibrosis drugs; organoid-derived cells have been transplanted only in early trials, and no organoid has replaced an organ.","access":"A laboratory product rather than a treatment: the culture reagents are sold commercially, and the only patient-facing uses are the Dutch cystic fibrosis drug-response assay and a few early transplantation trials.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The Japanese ulcerative-colitis organoid trial is described without a source.","The comparison of organoid oscillations to preterm-infant EEG is unattributed."],"tags":["stem cells","disease modelling","brain organoids","drug screening","regenerative medicine","bioethics"],"categories":["bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1307,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/organoids","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/organoids","outbound":["induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","yamanaka-factors","decellularized-scaffolds","crispr-cas9","organ-bioprinting","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","machine-consciousness","precautionary-principle","whole-brain-emulation","synthetic-embryos","xenobots","lab-grown-organs","tissue-engineering","organ-shortage","limb-regeneration"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-drug-discovery","artificial-neurons","artificial-womb","connectomics","decellularized-scaffolds","human-digital-twins","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","lab-grown-organs","machine-consciousness","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","organ-bioprinting","organ-shortage","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","prime-editing","shinya-yamanaka","substrate-independence","synthetic-embryos","tissue-engineering","uterus-transplantation","virtual-cell-models","xenobots","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/organoids/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"osseointegration","title":"Osseointegration","summary":"The direct structural fusion of living bone to a titanium implant, the biological principle underlying dental implants and skeletally anchored limb prostheses.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":8,"humanEvidence":"Dental implants have decades of routine clinical use in millions of patients; bone-anchored limbs rest on uncontrolled patient series reporting longer prosthesis wear time and better mobility, not on randomized trials.","access":"Dental implants are a routine commercial procedure worldwide; bone-anchored limbs are performed at a small number of specialist centres, and the US screw-fixated system entered under a humanitarian exemption that caps volume.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The claim that most recipients have at least one superficial infection carries no source."],"tags":["prosthetics","implants","titanium","amputation","bone","biomaterials"],"categories":["bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1194,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/osseointegration","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/osseointegration","outbound":["myoelectric-prosthetics","neural-decoding","neuroprosthetics","access-and-inequality","enhancement-in-sport","disability-rights-and-enhancement","brain-computer-interface","cochlear-implant","exoskeleton","tissue-engineering","decellularized-scaffolds","limb-regeneration","morphological-freedom","human-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-heart","enhancement-in-sport","exoskeleton","face-and-hand-transplantation","limb-regeneration","myoelectric-prosthetics","neuroprosthetics"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/osseointegration/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"overpopulation-and-longevity","title":"Overpopulation and life extension","summary":"The objection that extending human lifespan would cause unsustainable population growth, and the demographic modelling that finds the effect smaller than assumed.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"2050s+","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["demography","aging","fertility","workforce","resources","policy","ethics"],"categories":["society","longevity"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":2388,"readingMinutes":11,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/overpopulation-and-longevity","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/overpopulation-and-longevity","outbound":["hallmarks-of-aging","senolytics","geroscience-hypothesis","compression-of-morbidity","methuselah-foundation","sens-research-foundation","longevity-dividend","reproductive-longevity","longevity-escape-velocity","generation-ship-biology","maximum-human-lifespan","access-and-inequality","healthspan","right-to-die-and-right-to-live"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["compression-of-morbidity","future-of-humanity","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","right-to-die-and-right-to-live"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/overpopulation-and-longevity/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-31T23:48:17.074Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"pantropy","title":"Pantropy","summary":"The proposal to engineer humans to suit other worlds rather than engineering those worlds to suit humans, and the ethical problems of designing offspring for an environment.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"2050s+","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Bernal 1929 and Mason 2021 are discussed in the text but carry no citations."],"tags":["space settlement","germline","adaptation","terraforming","science fiction","ethics"],"categories":["space","enhancement"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1323,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/pantropy","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/pantropy","outbound":["germline-editing","brain-computer-interface","radiation-hardening-humans","tardigrade-genes","myostatin-inhibition","microgravity-adaptation","sleep-reduction","closed-loop-life-support","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","crispr-off-target-effects","bioethics-of-enhancement","morphological-freedom","procreative-beneficence","disability-rights-and-enhancement","embryo-selection","future-of-humanity","space-medicine","generation-ship-biology","human-enhancement","posthuman"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["closed-loop-life-support","generation-ship-biology","human-hibernation","microgravity-adaptation","radiation-hardening-humans","space-medicine","tardigrade-genes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/pantropy/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"parabiosis-and-young-blood","title":"Parabiosis and young blood","summary":"Experiments joining the circulation of young and old animals, and the attempts to translate their rejuvenating effects into plasma-based treatments for humans.","type":"intervention","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":3,"humanEvidence":"Human work is limited to small plasma-infusion and plasma-exchange studies reporting feasibility, biomarker shifts, and one debated subgroup result; every rejuvenation and lifespan finding is from mice.","access":"Not approved for aging anywhere; plasma products are licensed only for medical indications, and clinics in loosely regulated jurisdictions sell young-donor infusions of the kind the FDA warned against in 2019.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":[],"tags":["parabiosis","plasma","aging","gdf11","rejuvenation","clinical trials"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1343,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/parabiosis-and-young-blood","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/parabiosis-and-young-blood","outbound":["stem-cell-exhaustion","hallmarks-of-aging","cellular-senescence","inflammaging","myostatin-inhibition","exercise-and-aging","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","bryan-johnson","quantified-self","access-and-inequality","artificial-blood","gene-therapy-for-aging","aging-biomarkers","senolytics","healthspan","epigenetic-reprogramming"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alzheimers-disease","bioconservatism","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","epigenetic-clock","exercise-and-aging","klotho","nad-precursors","retro-biosciences","stem-cell-exhaustion","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/parabiosis-and-young-blood/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"partial-reprogramming","title":"Partial reprogramming","summary":"Transient expression of pluripotency factors that resets age-associated epigenetic marks in a cell while stopping short of erasing its differentiated identity.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":3,"humanEvidence":"A phase 1 trial of an OSK therapy in optic neuropathies dosed its first participant in June 2026 and reported no results; published human data are in cultured cells, and every in vivo result is in mice.","access":"Not available to patients: no approved product as of 2026, and the only human exposure is a phase 1 safety trial in optic neuropathies that began dosing in June 2026.","reversibility":"context","issues":[],"tags":["reprogramming","rejuvenation","epigenetics","aging","gene therapy"],"categories":["longevity","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1462,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/partial-reprogramming","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/partial-reprogramming","outbound":["yamanaka-factors","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","epigenetic-clock","progeria","epigenetic-reprogramming","cellular-senescence","autophagy","proteostasis","stem-cell-exhaustion","senolytics","hallmarks-of-aging","aav-vectors","lipid-nanoparticles","somatic-gene-therapy","newlimit","altos-labs","retro-biosciences","biological-age","gene-therapy-for-aging","aging-biomarkers"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["altos-labs","cancer","cellular-senescence","david-sinclair","epigenetic-reprogramming","epigenome-editing","gene-therapy-for-aging","immunosenescence","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","limb-regeneration","longevity-escape-velocity","newlimit","progeria","retro-biosciences","shinya-yamanaka","stem-cell-exhaustion","steve-horvath","xprize-healthspan","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/partial-reprogramming/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"personal-identity-and-continuity","title":"Personal identity and continuity","summary":"The question of what makes a person at one time the same person as at another, and what, if anything, must be preserved for that person to survive.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["identity","philosophy of mind","parfit","survival","consciousness","bioethics"],"categories":["minds","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1310,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/personal-identity-and-continuity","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/personal-identity-and-continuity","outbound":["mind-uploading","cryonics","teleportation-problem","deep-brain-stimulation","memory-prosthesis","moral-enhancement","bioethics-of-enhancement","brain-preservation","connectomics","longevity-escape-velocity","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","substrate-independence","whole-brain-emulation","digital-immortality","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","machine-consciousness","head-transplant"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alcor","bioethics-of-enhancement","brain-preservation","connectomics","cryonics","deep-brain-stimulation","digital-immortality","face-and-hand-transplantation","fm-2030","head-transplant","human-ai-merger","human-cloning","human-digital-twins","humanity-plus","machine-consciousness","max-more","memory-prosthesis","mind-uploading","natasha-vita-more","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","posthuman","psychedelic-therapy","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","substrate-independence","teleportation-problem","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/personal-identity-and-continuity/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","title":"Personalized mRNA cancer vaccines","summary":"A therapy in which one patient's tumour is sequenced, its mutation-derived antigens are ranked by algorithm, and a synthetic mRNA encoding them is manufactured for that person alone.","type":"intervention","status":"experimental","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"A randomised phase 3 in 1,137 people with resected melanoma met its recurrence-free survival endpoint according to its sponsors, who released no hazard ratios; overall survival is unreported from it and only exploratory in the phase 2b behind it.","access":"Available only inside company-run clinical trials; no individualized neoantigen therapy is approved by any regulator as of August 2026, and no price has been announced.","reversibility":"partly-reversible","issues":["The phase 3 hazard ratios and event counts are undisclosed; revise when the full data are presented."],"tags":["cancer","mrna","immunotherapy","neoantigens","melanoma","oncology","vaccines"],"categories":["genetics","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1612,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","outbound":["somatic-gene-therapy","lipid-nanoparticles","aav-vectors","ai-drug-discovery","ai-protein-design","virtual-cell-models","casgevy","access-and-inequality","cancer","geroscience-hypothesis","organoids","human-digital-twins","immunosenescence","technology-readiness-level","compression-of-morbidity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-drug-discovery","cancer","in-vivo-car-t"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"polygenic-embryo-screening","title":"Polygenic embryo screening","summary":"The ranking of IVF embryos by polygenic risk scores computed from their inferred genotypes, sold commercially since 2019 and rejected as unvalidated by professional genetics bodies.","type":"technology","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"Children have been born after polygenic ranking of embryos, but no study has followed selected children to test the predicted gain; the scores are validated in adult cohorts, mostly of European ancestry.","access":"Sold in the United States as a laboratory-developed test, an add-on to a self-funded IVF cycle at a small number of clinics; the United Kingdom does not permit it and several European states restrict it.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The 2024-2025 trait-screening timeline entry cites no source."],"tags":["polygenic scores","ivf","embryo selection","genomics","bioethics","reproduction"],"categories":["reproduction","genetics","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1694,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/polygenic-embryo-screening","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/polygenic-embryo-screening","outbound":["embryo-selection","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","access-and-inequality","genetic-discrimination","reproductive-longevity","in-vitro-gametogenesis","disability-rights-and-enhancement","bioconservatism","julian-savulescu","procreative-beneficence","germline-editing","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","governance-of-genome-editing","designer-babies","bioethics-of-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","access-and-inequality","bioconservatism","bioethics-of-enhancement","designer-babies","disability-rights-and-enhancement","embryo-selection","enhancement-arms-race","genetic-discrimination","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","germline-editing","governance-of-genome-editing","human-enhancement","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vitro-gametogenesis","jennifer-doudna","julian-savulescu","leon-kass","procreative-beneficence"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/polygenic-embryo-screening/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"posthuman","title":"Posthuman","summary":"A hypothetical being whose central capacities exceed the human maximum, and, in a separate scholarly tradition, a critique of the humanist subject itself.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["transhumanism","posthumanism","identity","enhancement","philosophy","critical theory"],"categories":["foundations","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1284,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/posthuman","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/posthuman","outbound":["human-enhancement","fm-2030","cochlear-implant","whole-brain-emulation","nick-bostrom","longevity-escape-velocity","mind-uploading","substrate-independence","bioethics-of-enhancement","bioconservatism","nootropics","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","brain-computer-interface","personal-identity-and-continuity","disability-rights-and-enhancement","morphological-freedom","artificial-general-intelligence","machine-consciousness","transhumanism","future-of-humanity","technological-singularity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-general-intelligence","bioconservatism","ectogenesis","extropianism","fm-2030","future-of-humanity","human-ai-merger","human-enhancement","humanity-plus","leon-kass","machine-consciousness","natasha-vita-more","nick-bostrom","pantropy","substrate-independence","technological-singularity","teleportation-problem","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/posthuman/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"exoskeleton","title":"Powered exoskeletons","summary":"Wearable powered frames that apply force in parallel with the wearer's own limbs, used for gait rehabilitation, industrial load support, and proposed strength augmentation.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":8,"humanEvidence":"People with spinal cord injury or stroke walk in these devices under supervision, though reviews find the evidence too thin to show an advantage over conventional gait training; the clearest measured gains are metabolic savings in healthy walkers.","access":"Cleared for clinical use and, in the United States since 2014, for personal use; medical devices cost tens of thousands of dollars or more with limited payer coverage, while passive industrial exosuits are sold outright.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["The systematic-review conclusions in the rehabilitation section carry no citations."],"tags":["robotics","rehabilitation","mobility","wearables","human augmentation","actuators"],"categories":["bodies","enhancement"],"updated":"2026-10-30","wordCount":1491,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/exoskeleton","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/exoskeleton","outbound":["neuroprosthetics","osseointegration","myoelectric-prosthetics","brain-computer-interface","neural-decoding","robotic-avatars","disability-rights-and-enhancement","enhancement-arms-race","human-enhancement","enhancement-in-sport","space-medicine","microgravity-adaptation","access-and-inequality","exercise-and-aging","healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-computer-interface","disability-rights-and-enhancement","ecog-interfaces","enhancement-arms-race","enhancement-in-sport","exercise-and-aging","head-transplant","human-digital-twins","human-enhancement","limb-regeneration","microgravity-adaptation","myoelectric-prosthetics","natasha-vita-more","neuroprosthetics","osseointegration","robotic-avatars","stentrode"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/exoskeleton/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T20:10:27.711Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"precautionary-principle","title":"Precautionary principle","summary":"The regulatory doctrine that scientific uncertainty about a serious or irreversible harm is not by itself a reason to permit the activity that might cause it.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["governance","risk","regulation","biotechnology","law","uncertainty"],"categories":["society","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1500,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/precautionary-principle","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/precautionary-principle","outbound":["asilomar-conference","gene-drive","germline-editing","governance-of-genome-editing","he-jiankui-affair","mirror-life","xenotransplantation","organ-shortage","max-more","extropianism","effective-accelerationism","nick-bostrom","existential-risk","differential-technological-development","synthetic-genomes","bioconservatism","dual-use-research"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-general-intelligence","artificial-womb","asilomar-conference","bioconservatism","closed-loop-life-support","colossal-biosciences","crispr-off-target-effects","de-extinction","decellularized-scaffolds","dietary-supplements","differential-technological-development","dual-use-research","effective-accelerationism","engineered-pandemics","eric-drexler","existential-risk","extropianism","future-of-humanity","gene-drive","governance-of-genome-editing","grey-goo","he-jiankui-affair","leon-kass","max-more","mirror-life","molecular-assembler","moral-enhancement","nick-bostrom","organoids","psychedelic-therapy","recoded-organisms","somatic-gene-therapy","synthetic-embryos","uterus-transplantation","xenobots"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/precautionary-principle/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"prime-editing","title":"Prime editing","summary":"A genome editing method in which a nicking Cas9 fused to a reverse transcriptase writes a new DNA sequence specified by an extended guide RNA.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"Human use is one ex vivo trial in chronic granulomatous disease, which reported restored immune-cell function in a treated patient in 2025; in vivo correction has been shown only in mice.","access":"Not obtainable as a therapy: no prime editing product is approved anywhere as of 2026 and human use is confined to early-phase trials; the reagents are sold for research.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":[],"tags":["crispr","genome editing","gene therapy","reverse transcriptase","biotechnology"],"categories":["genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1358,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/prime-editing","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/prime-editing","outbound":["base-editing","synthetic-genomes","recoded-organisms","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","organoids","aav-vectors","lipid-nanoparticles","crispr-off-target-effects","crispr-cas9","somatic-gene-therapy","germline-editing","governance-of-genome-editing","he-jiankui-affair","casgevy","gene-therapy-for-aging","access-and-inequality","epigenome-editing"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","base-editing","casgevy","crispr-cas9","crispr-off-target-effects","designer-babies","emmanuelle-charpentier","epigenome-editing","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","germline-editing","he-jiankui-affair","in-vivo-car-t","jennifer-doudna","lipid-nanoparticles","recoded-organisms","somatic-gene-therapy","synthetic-genomes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/prime-editing/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"procreative-beneficence","title":"Procreative beneficence","summary":"Julian Savulescu's principle that prospective parents have moral reason to select, among the children they could have, the one expected to live the best life.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["bioethics","reproduction","selection","eugenics","philosophy"],"categories":["society","reproduction"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1390,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/procreative-beneficence","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/procreative-beneficence","outbound":["julian-savulescu","embryo-selection","germline-editing","bioethics-of-enhancement","human-enhancement","disability-rights-and-enhancement","designer-babies","moral-enhancement","polygenic-embryo-screening","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","in-vitro-gametogenesis","bioconservatism","access-and-inequality"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-womb","bioethics-of-enhancement","designer-babies","disability-rights-and-enhancement","ectogenesis","embryo-selection","generation-ship-biology","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","germline-editing","human-enhancement","in-vitro-gametogenesis","julian-savulescu","morphological-freedom","pantropy","polygenic-embryo-screening"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/procreative-beneficence/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"progeria","title":"Progeria","summary":"A rare fatal childhood disorder caused by one recurrent LMNA mutation, and the standing test case for whether a genetic disease can accelerate aging itself.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Lonafarnib is the only therapy with human survival data, and it comes from single-arm trials compared against a matched untreated cohort rather than a randomised arm; the base-editing rescue is mouse-only.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["No account of the mouse models most preclinical progeria work runs in."],"tags":["aging","rare disease","gene editing","lamin","cardiovascular","biogerontology"],"categories":["longevity","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1560,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/progeria","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/progeria","outbound":["cellular-senescence","hallmarks-of-aging","cancer","rapamycin","base-editing","crispr-cas9","aav-vectors","casgevy","somatic-gene-therapy","crispr-off-target-effects","telomeres-and-telomerase","stem-cell-exhaustion","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","gene-therapy-for-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","partial-reprogramming","epigenetic-reprogramming","maximum-human-lifespan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["partial-reprogramming"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/progeria/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"proteostasis","title":"Proteostasis collapse","summary":"The age-related failure of the chaperone, proteasome and lysosomal systems that keep proteins correctly folded and turned over, and its link to aggregation diseases.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Lecanemab and donanemab approvals are stated without a source."],"tags":["aging","protein folding","chaperones","proteasome","neurodegeneration","mechanisms"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1208,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/proteostasis","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/proteostasis","outbound":["hallmarks-of-aging","ai-protein-design","autophagy","mitochondrial-dysfunction","cynthia-kenyon","heat-and-cold-exposure","alzheimers-disease","geroscience-hypothesis","rapamycin","caloric-restriction","negligible-senescence","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","stem-cell-exhaustion","epigenetic-reprogramming","aging-biomarkers","cellular-senescence","inflammaging"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alzheimers-disease","aubrey-de-grey","autophagy","buck-institute","calico","cellular-senescence","coffee-and-aging","cynthia-kenyon","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","geroscience-hypothesis","glymphatic-system","hallmarks-of-aging","heat-and-cold-exposure","leonard-hayflick","mitochondrial-dysfunction","naked-mole-rat","negligible-senescence","partial-reprogramming","rapamycin","retro-biosciences","sleep-reduction","tardigrade-genes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/proteostasis/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"psychedelic-therapy","title":"Psychedelic therapy","summary":"The administration of serotonergic psychedelics or MDMA alongside psychological support for psychiatric conditions, in trials that cannot be reliably blinded.","type":"intervention","status":"contested","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"Randomized trials in human patients report large short-term reductions in depression and PTSD symptoms, but participants and therapists almost always guess the assignment correctly, so drug and expectancy effects remain confounded.","access":"Esketamine is approved for treatment-resistant depression; psilocybin and MDMA remain unapproved medicines, reachable through trials or Australia's authorised-prescriber pathway, and psilocybin is sold at licensed non-medical centres in two US states.","reversibility":"context","issues":["Phase 3 psilocybin results rest partly on company announcements and may be superseded","Colorado licensing timeline needs a primary source"],"tags":["psilocybin","mdma","depression","ptsd","clinical trials","blinding","psychiatry"],"categories":["minds","enhancement"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1590,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/psychedelic-therapy","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/psychedelic-therapy","outbound":["neural-correlates-of-consciousness","non-invasive-neuromodulation","deep-brain-stimulation","access-and-inequality","precautionary-principle","bioethics-of-enhancement","nootropics","quantified-self","human-enhancement","morphological-freedom","moral-enhancement","leon-kass","personal-identity-and-continuity","biohacking","dietary-supplements"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["deep-brain-stimulation","heat-and-cold-exposure","human-enhancement","kernel","moral-enhancement","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","non-invasive-neuromodulation","nootropics"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/psychedelic-therapy/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"quantified-self","title":"Quantified self","summary":"A movement and a method for learning about oneself through personal measurement, built on n-of-1 self-experiment and named by two Wired editors in 2007.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Self-monitoring raises measured activity in people over the short term; a randomised trial of a workplace wellness programme found more self-reported exercise but no change in clinical measures or spending at 18 months.","access":"Trackers ship in most phones and cost from tens to a few hundred dollars, but much tracking now arrives through an employer or insurer programme rather than a purchase.","reversibility":"context","issues":["Origins section cites no independent source for the meetup count or the final conference year."],"tags":["self-tracking","measurement","n-of-1","privacy","wearables","citizen science"],"categories":["enhancement","society"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1794,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/quantified-self","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/quantified-self","outbound":["heat-and-cold-exposure","continuous-glucose-monitoring","human-digital-twins","wearable-health-sensors","sleep-and-longevity","epigenetic-clock","aging-biomarkers","consumer-blood-testing","biological-age","genetic-discrimination","mental-privacy","access-and-inequality","biohacking","dietary-supplements","nootropics","human-enhancement","healthspan","blueprint-protocol"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["biohacking","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","dietary-supplements","digital-immortality","heat-and-cold-exposure","human-digital-twins","kernel","magnesium-l-threonate","parabiosis-and-young-blood","psychedelic-therapy","sleep-and-longevity","wearable-health-sensors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/quantified-self/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"radiation-hardening-humans","title":"Radiation tolerance in humans","summary":"The problem of keeping humans healthy under deep-space radiation, and the shielding, pharmacological, and genetic strategies proposed to raise their tolerance.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"2040s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["radiation","spaceflight","dna repair","shielding","gene editing","cancer risk"],"categories":["space","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1363,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/radiation-hardening-humans","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/radiation-hardening-humans","outbound":["cellular-senescence","inflammaging","hallmarks-of-aging","space-medicine","dietary-supplements","senolytics","tardigrade-genes","aav-vectors","lipid-nanoparticles","somatic-gene-therapy","germline-editing","crispr-off-target-effects","genetic-discrimination","pantropy","generation-ship-biology","microgravity-adaptation","human-hibernation","human-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["closed-loop-life-support","generation-ship-biology","human-hibernation","microgravity-adaptation","pantropy","space-medicine","tardigrade-genes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/radiation-hardening-humans/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"rapamycin","title":"Rapamycin","summary":"A macrolide immunosuppressant that inhibits the mTOR growth pathway and extends lifespan across several laboratory species, with no confirmed effect on human aging.","type":"intervention","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"No human trial has tested lifespan or aging; low-dose mTOR inhibitors improved flu vaccine response, a phase 3 trial of one failed, and a 48-week rapamycin trial missed its primary endpoint.","access":"Approved as sirolimus for transplant rejection and available as a generic; longevity use is off-label prescribing by a minority of physicians, at doses and schedules no regulator has evaluated.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":[],"tags":["mtor","aging","drug repurposing","autophagy","immunosenescence","clinical trials"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":2173,"readingMinutes":10,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/rapamycin","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/rapamycin","outbound":["interventions-testing-program","autophagy","proteostasis","caloric-restriction","cynthia-kenyon","healthspan","hallmarks-of-aging","dog-aging-project","loyal","inflammaging","aging-biomarkers","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","metformin","nir-barzilai","longevity-dividend","reproductive-longevity","geroscience-hypothesis","senolytics","exercise-and-aging","nad-precursors"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","aubrey-de-grey","autophagy","blue-zones","blueprint-protocol","bryan-johnson","buck-institute","calico","caloric-restriction","cancer","cellular-senescence","coffee-and-aging","compression-of-morbidity","cynthia-kenyon","david-sinclair","dietary-supplements","dog-aging-project","epigenetic-clock","exercise-and-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","gut-microbiome","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","heat-and-cold-exposure","immunosenescence","inflammaging","interventions-testing-program","klotho","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","loyal","maximum-human-lifespan","metformin","methuselah-foundation","mitochondrial-dysfunction","nad-precursors","naked-mole-rat","nir-barzilai","progeria","proteostasis","reproductive-longevity","retro-biosciences","senolytics","sens-research-foundation","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/rapamycin/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-31T23:48:17.074Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"ray-kurzweil","title":"Ray Kurzweil","summary":"American inventor and futurist who formulated the law of accelerating returns and forecasts human-level machine intelligence by 2029 and a technological singularity by 2045.","type":"person","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["singularity","forecasting","artificial intelligence","futurism","life extension"],"categories":["people","minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1014,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/ray-kurzweil","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/ray-kurzweil","outbound":["technological-singularity","accelerating-change","human-ai-merger","dietary-supplements","gene-therapy-for-aging","epigenetic-reprogramming","medical-nanorobots","longevity-escape-velocity","cryonics","nad-precursors","metformin","exercise-and-aging","artificial-general-intelligence","singularitarianism","extropianism","nick-bostrom","mind-uploading","eric-drexler"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","artificial-general-intelligence","digital-immortality","extropianism","human-ai-merger","humanity-plus","longevity-escape-velocity","medical-nanorobots","molecular-assembler","singularitarianism","technological-singularity"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/ray-kurzweil/history","revisions":4,"edits":3,"currentRevision":4,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"reproductive-longevity","title":"Reproductive longevity","summary":"The functional lifespan of the reproductive system, and efforts to extend it in the ovary, which loses function decades before most other organs.","type":"concept","status":"emerging","horizon":"2030s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Oocyte and ovarian tissue cryopreservation are established practice in women, but no intervention has been shown to delay human menopause; the rapamycin work reports surrogate ovarian-reserve measures in a small group.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The Columbia rapamycin ovarian trial is described from preliminary reports with no citation","Anti-Mullerian hormone therapeutic development is attributed to an unnamed company"],"tags":["aging","ovary","menopause","fertility","oocyte","healthspan"],"categories":["reproduction","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1448,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/reproductive-longevity","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/reproductive-longevity","outbound":["geroscience-hypothesis","uterus-transplantation","mitochondrial-dysfunction","embryo-selection","hallmarks-of-aging","rapamycin","senolytics","nad-precursors","buck-institute","aging-biomarkers","epigenetic-clock","in-vitro-gametogenesis","healthspan","stem-cell-exhaustion","cellular-senescence"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-womb","caloric-restriction","cryonics","ectogenesis","embryo-selection","generation-ship-biology","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vitro-gametogenesis","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","overpopulation-and-longevity","polygenic-embryo-screening","rapamycin","synthetic-embryos","uterus-transplantation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/reproductive-longevity/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"respirocytes","title":"Respirocytes","summary":"Robert Freitas's 1998 design study for an artificial red blood cell built as a pressurised micron-scale gas tank, widely cited and never built.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No respirocyte has been built, so none has been tested in any person or animal; the published performance figures are outputs of a 1998 physical model rather than measurements.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["nanomedicine","nanorobotics","blood","oxygen","design study","enhancement"],"categories":["nanomedicine"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1329,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/respirocytes","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/respirocytes","outbound":["robert-freitas","medical-nanorobots","eric-drexler","molecular-assembler","targeted-drug-delivery","artificial-blood","lipid-nanoparticles","dna-nanotechnology","transhumanism","human-enhancement","morphological-freedom","gene-doping","enhancement-in-sport","space-medicine","human-hibernation","grey-goo","microrobots-in-medicine"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-blood","dna-nanotechnology","eric-drexler","grey-goo","medical-nanorobots","microrobots-in-medicine","molecular-assembler","robert-freitas","technology-readiness-level"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/respirocytes/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"retatrutide","title":"Retatrutide","summary":"An investigational once-weekly injectable peptide from Eli Lilly that activates the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, in phase 3 trials for obesity and type 2 diabetes.","type":"intervention","status":"experimental","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"Phase 3 randomized trials in several thousand adults with obesity or type 2 diabetes show large weight loss and lower HbA1c over 40-80 weeks; the dedicated cardiovascular and kidney outcome trial has not reported, and no registered trial has an aging endpoint.","access":"Not approved anywhere as of November 2026; outside Lilly's trials it is available only through a narrow single-patient expanded access programme; unapproved 'research use' products are sold online, and the FDA says retatrutide cannot be lawfully compounded.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Kidney results rest on a Kidney Week 2026 poster as reported by HCPLive; cite the abstract or paper once available.","Body-composition evidence cited is a phase 2 substudy; add phase 3 data if published."],"tags":["obesity","incretins","diabetes","clinical trials","metabolic health","drug access"],"categories":["longevity","society"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":2188,"readingMinutes":10,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/retatrutide","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/retatrutide","outbound":["glp-1-receptor-agonists","sleep-and-longevity","inflammaging","biological-age","geroscience-hypothesis","compression-of-morbidity","maximum-human-lifespan","sarcopenia","biohacking","dietary-supplements","access-and-inequality","bioethics-of-enhancement","healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["glp-1-receptor-agonists","sarcopenia"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/retatrutide/history","revisions":1,"edits":0,"currentRevision":1,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-11-01T08:11:32.415Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"retinal-implant","title":"Retinal implants and visual prostheses","summary":"Implanted devices that restore rudimentary vision to blind people by electrically stimulating surviving retinal neurons or, more invasively, the visual cortex.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"Devices have been implanted in blind people for over a decade; the strongest result is a 2025 European trial in which most PRIMA recipients identified letters and read words under electronic magnification.","access":"Both commercially approved devices have been withdrawn and existing recipients have lost manufacturer support; access now runs through clinical trials, chiefly of the PRIMA subretinal system, at device-plus-surgery costs among the highest in ophthalmology.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The 2025 PRIMA pivotal trial result is the strongest claim here and carries no citation","Phosphene-count estimates from simulation studies are stated without a source"],"tags":["vision","sensory restoration","implants","blindness","neuroprosthetics","phosphenes"],"categories":["cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1336,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/retinal-implant","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/retinal-implant","outbound":["cortical-visual-prosthesis","utah-array","cochlear-implant","brain-computer-interface","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","access-and-inequality","disability-rights-and-enhancement","somatic-gene-therapy","aav-vectors","optogenetics","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","tissue-engineering","neural-decoding","sensory-augmentation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-neurons","brain-computer-interface","cochlear-implant","cortical-visual-prosthesis","disability-rights-and-enhancement","head-transplant","microrobots-in-medicine","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","optogenetics","sensory-augmentation","utah-array"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/retinal-implant/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-30T04:59:31.073Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"retro-biosciences","title":"Retro Biosciences","summary":"A longevity biotechnology company funded by Sam Altman with the stated goal of adding ten years of healthy life, working on autophagy, reprogramming and plasma-inspired therapies.","type":"organization","status":"emerging","horizon":"2030s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2025 report of a larger funding round is stated without a citation"],"tags":["aging","autophagy","reprogramming","biotech","protein engineering","healthspan"],"categories":["organizations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1099,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/retro-biosciences","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/retro-biosciences","outbound":["autophagy","partial-reprogramming","parabiosis-and-young-blood","altos-labs","ai-protein-design","yamanaka-factors","caloric-restriction","rapamycin","hallmarks-of-aging","proteostasis","newlimit","healthspan","aging-biomarkers","david-sinclair","epigenetic-reprogramming","geroscience-hypothesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["altos-labs","artificial-general-intelligence","autophagy","calico","epigenetic-reprogramming","humanity-plus","methuselah-foundation","newlimit","partial-reprogramming","sens-research-foundation","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/retro-biosciences/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"right-to-die-and-right-to-live","title":"Right to die and the duty to live","summary":"How the law and ethics of assisted dying interact with radical life extension, and whether an indefinitely extendable life could still be voluntarily ended.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 1984 governor's duty-to-die remark is quoted without naming him or citing a source"],"tags":["bioethics","law","assisted dying","autonomy","aging","mortality"],"categories":["society","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1505,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/right-to-die-and-right-to-live","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/right-to-die-and-right-to-live","outbound":["geroscience-hypothesis","healthspan","disability-rights-and-enhancement","senolytics","epigenetic-reprogramming","longevity-dividend","leon-kass","bioconservatism","maximum-human-lifespan","cryonics","alcor","brain-preservation","longevity-escape-velocity","compression-of-morbidity","overpopulation-and-longevity","personal-identity-and-continuity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alcor","brain-preservation","compression-of-morbidity","cryonics","leon-kass","mind-uploading","overpopulation-and-longevity","personal-identity-and-continuity"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/right-to-die-and-right-to-live/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"robert-freitas","title":"Robert Freitas","summary":"American researcher whose Nanomedicine volumes set out detailed numerical designs for medical nanorobots, among them the respirocyte, none of which has been fabricated.","type":"person","status":"contested","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["nanotechnology","nanomedicine","nanorobots","molecular manufacturing","self-replication","cryonics"],"categories":["people","nanomedicine"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1303,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/robert-freitas","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/robert-freitas","outbound":["respirocytes","medical-nanorobots","artificial-blood","grey-goo","existential-risk","molecular-assembler","eric-drexler","cryonics","brain-preservation","whole-brain-emulation","alcor","lipid-nanoparticles","dna-nanotechnology","microrobots-in-medicine","targeted-drug-delivery"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["respirocytes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/robert-freitas/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"robotic-avatars","title":"Robotic avatars","summary":"Robots driven in real time by a remote human operator who sees, hears and feels through them, also called telexistence or immersive telepresence robotics.","type":"technology","status":"emerging","horizon":"2030s","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"Operators have run avatar systems in competition trials and small laboratory user studies of mostly young adults; published evaluations come from short sessions on test courses, not from real hazardous work.","access":"Most immersive avatar systems are research prototypes; a few companies supply teleoperated robots to businesses, and the published examples disclose no prices.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":[],"tags":["robotics","teleoperation","telepresence","haptics","virtual reality","human augmentation","wearables"],"categories":["enhancement","cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-30","wordCount":2406,"readingMinutes":11,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/robotic-avatars","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/robotic-avatars","outbound":["exoskeleton","neuroprosthetics","space-medicine","xprize-healthspan","human-ai-merger","sensory-augmentation","access-and-inequality","disability-rights-and-enhancement","teleportation-problem","human-enhancement","morphological-freedom","brain-computer-interface","myoelectric-prosthetics"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["exoskeleton","sensory-augmentation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/robotic-avatars/history","revisions":1,"edits":0,"currentRevision":1,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T20:10:27.711Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"sarcopenia","title":"Sarcopenia","summary":"The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength and function, the strongest physical predictor of late-life disability and the target of a drug pipeline that has yet to deliver.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Resistance training improves strength and function in randomised trials into the tenth decade of life; every drug candidate so far has added lean mass without demonstrating added function, and none is approved.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["aging","muscle","frailty","exercise","clinical trials","geriatrics"],"categories":["longevity","bodies"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":1436,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/sarcopenia","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/sarcopenia","outbound":["hallmarks-of-aging","stem-cell-exhaustion","mitochondrial-dysfunction","autophagy","inflammaging","cellular-senescence","microgravity-adaptation","aging-biomarkers","xprize-healthspan","glp-1-receptor-agonists","exercise-and-aging","dietary-supplements","caloric-restriction","myostatin-inhibition","geroscience-hypothesis","immunosenescence","compression-of-morbidity","healthspan","retatrutide"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["coffee-and-aging","exercise-and-aging","retatrutide"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/sarcopenia/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-11-01T08:11:32.415Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"senolytics","title":"Senolytics","summary":"Drugs that selectively kill senescent cells, an approach that reduces age-related pathology in mice but has so far produced modest or null results in humans.","type":"intervention","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":5,"humanEvidence":"Human data are small open-label pilots of nine to fourteen patients, one showing reduced senescent-cell markers in fat and skin, plus two randomized failures; every lifespan result is from mice.","access":"No senolytic is approved for any aging indication; dasatinib is an approved cancer drug available only on prescription, and fisetin and quercetin are sold over the counter as supplements at doses taken from mouse studies.","reversibility":"partly-reversible","issues":["The Alzheimer's pilot and the cardiac-glycoside senolytic reports carry no citations"],"tags":["cellular senescence","aging","sasp","clinical trials","drug repurposing","apoptosis"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":2010,"readingMinutes":9,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/senolytics","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/senolytics","outbound":["cellular-senescence","buck-institute","inflammaging","stem-cell-exhaustion","telomeres-and-telomerase","mitochondrial-dysfunction","hallmarks-of-aging","rapamycin","metformin","aubrey-de-grey","sens-research-foundation","dietary-supplements","gene-therapy-for-aging","immunosenescence","ai-drug-discovery","aging-biomarkers","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","nad-precursors","exercise-and-aging","caloric-restriction","targeted-drug-delivery","geroscience-hypothesis","xprize-healthspan","compression-of-morbidity","longevity-escape-velocity","healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","ai-drug-discovery","alzheimers-disease","aubrey-de-grey","biological-age","buck-institute","calico","caloric-restriction","cancer","cellular-senescence","compression-of-morbidity","cynthia-kenyon","dietary-supplements","epigenetic-clock","epigenetic-reprogramming","exercise-and-aging","gene-therapy-for-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","immunosenescence","inflammaging","interventions-testing-program","klotho","leonard-hayflick","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","loyal","maximum-human-lifespan","medical-nanorobots","metformin","nad-precursors","nir-barzilai","overpopulation-and-longevity","parabiosis-and-young-blood","partial-reprogramming","radiation-hardening-humans","rapamycin","reproductive-longevity","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","sens-research-foundation","stem-cell-exhaustion","steve-horvath","targeted-drug-delivery","technology-readiness-level","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/senolytics/history","revisions":4,"edits":3,"currentRevision":4,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"sens-research-foundation","title":"SENS Research Foundation","summary":"A California nonprofit founded in 2009 to fund rejuvenation research organized around seven categories of accumulated cellular damage, merged into the Lifespan Research Institute in 2024.","type":"organization","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":[],"tags":["aging","damage repair","nonprofit","rejuvenation","research funding","sens"],"categories":["organizations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1363,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/sens-research-foundation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/sens-research-foundation","outbound":["methuselah-foundation","aubrey-de-grey","geroscience-hypothesis","rapamycin","hallmarks-of-aging","cellular-senescence","mitochondrial-dysfunction","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","senolytics","gene-therapy-for-aging","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","calico","altos-labs","longevity-escape-velocity","buck-institute","retro-biosciences","xprize-healthspan","negligible-senescence"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["altos-labs","aubrey-de-grey","buck-institute","hallmarks-of-aging","longevity-escape-velocity","methuselah-foundation","negligible-senescence","overpopulation-and-longevity","senolytics","telomeres-and-telomerase"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/sens-research-foundation/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"sensory-augmentation","title":"Sensory augmentation","summary":"Devices and biological modifications that route information the body cannot normally detect into a channel the brain can learn to read.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"In people only worn devices and subdermal magnets have been used; the Osnabrück magnetic-north belt produced measurable navigation and cortical changes after weeks of wear, and the biological routes to a new channel exist only in monkeys and mice.","access":"Tactile and auditory substitution devices are cleared and sold as assistive equipment in some jurisdictions; augmentation devices such as magnetic-north wearables and subdermal fingertip magnets are unregulated consumer items.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["The 2015 US clearance of a tongue display is stated without naming the device or a source"],"tags":["senses","enhancement","neuroplasticity","implants","perception","sensory substitution"],"categories":["enhancement","cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-30","wordCount":1301,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/sensory-augmentation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/sensory-augmentation","outbound":["biohacking","transhumanism","aav-vectors","somatic-gene-therapy","optogenetics","human-enhancement","cochlear-implant","retinal-implant","myoelectric-prosthetics","morphological-freedom","neuroprosthetics","brain-computer-interface","neural-decoding","robotic-avatars"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["biohacking","brain-to-brain-interface","cochlear-implant","cortical-visual-prosthesis","human-enhancement","microgravity-adaptation","myoelectric-prosthetics","natasha-vita-more","neuroprosthetics","retinal-implant","robotic-avatars","utah-array"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/sensory-augmentation/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T20:10:27.711Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"shinya-yamanaka","title":"Shinya Yamanaka","summary":"Japanese physician-scientist who showed that four transcription factors can reprogram adult cells to a pluripotent state, sharing the 2012 Nobel Prize for the discovery.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The mid-2020s Parkinson's iPSC trial results are described without a citation"],"tags":["stem cells","reprogramming","ipsc","nobel prize","regenerative medicine"],"categories":["people","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":996,"readingMinutes":4,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/shinya-yamanaka","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/shinya-yamanaka","outbound":["yamanaka-factors","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","human-cloning","partial-reprogramming","epigenetic-reprogramming","crispr-cas9","organ-shortage","tissue-engineering","lab-grown-organs","organoids","epigenetic-clock","altos-labs","newlimit","david-sinclair"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["altos-labs","david-sinclair","epigenetic-reprogramming","in-vitro-gametogenesis","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/shinya-yamanaka/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"singularitarianism","title":"Singularitarianism","summary":"The belief that a technological singularity is likely and that it should be actively prepared for, together with the movements organized around that belief.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The Gray and Lanier criticisms are named without citations.","Yudkowsky's c. 2000 essays are described but not cited."],"tags":["singularity","artificial intelligence","movements","transhumanism","ai safety","forecasting"],"categories":["people","minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1206,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/singularitarianism","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/singularitarianism","outbound":["technological-singularity","extropianism","ray-kurzweil","cryonics","alcor","transhumanism","max-more","humanity-plus","whole-brain-emulation","mind-uploading","longevity-escape-velocity","nick-bostrom","existential-risk","differential-technological-development","effective-accelerationism","accelerating-change","anders-sandberg","artificial-general-intelligence"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","effective-accelerationism","extropianism","max-more","mind-uploading","ray-kurzweil","technological-singularity","transhumanism"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/singularitarianism/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"sleep-and-longevity","title":"Sleep and longevity","summary":"Habitual sleep duration and timing, an exposure tied to mortality in large observational cohorts and almost untested as a deliberate intervention to extend life.","type":"intervention","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Large prospective cohorts link both short and long habitual sleep to higher mortality, and short randomized trials of sleep extension have moved metabolic measures; no trial has tested survival.","access":"Free and in principle universal, but bounded by shift schedules, caregiving, noise, light, housing, and untreated sleep disorders, none of which a recommendation reaches.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Insomnia and hypnotic-drug evidence is summarized in a single paragraph","No coverage of adolescent sleep timing or school-start-time studies"],"tags":["sleep","circadian rhythm","epidemiology","aging","healthspan","causal inference"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1789,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/sleep-and-longevity","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/sleep-and-longevity","outbound":["geroscience-hypothesis","access-and-inequality","wearable-health-sensors","continuous-glucose-monitoring","inflammaging","hallmarks-of-aging","epigenetic-clock","aging-biomarkers","biological-age","glymphatic-system","exercise-and-aging","caloric-restriction","metformin","dietary-supplements","non-invasive-neuromodulation","space-medicine","sleep-reduction","human-hibernation","quantified-self","blue-zones","longevity-dividend","compression-of-morbidity","healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alzheimers-disease","blueprint-protocol","coffee-and-aging","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","dietary-supplements","glp-1-receptor-agonists","glymphatic-system","heat-and-cold-exposure","inflammaging","magnesium-l-threonate","quantified-self","retatrutide","sleep-reduction","wearable-health-sensors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/sleep-and-longevity/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"somatic-gene-therapy","title":"Somatic gene therapy","summary":"Genetic modification of a living person's body cells to treat disease, producing a change that is not passed on to their children.","type":"intervention","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Licensed products treat inherited retinal dystrophy, sickle cell disease and spinal muscular atrophy in people; durability varies, and clotting-factor expression after haemophilia gene therapy declines over the years after treatment.","access":"Approved in the US and Europe for a short list of rare diseases and blood cancers, delivered at a small number of specialist centres; list prices run from roughly $400,000 to $4.25 million per patient.","reversibility":"context","issues":["The count of licensed products and the price range carry no citation.","The 2025 Elevidys deaths and the dose-ceiling review are stated without a source."],"tags":["gene therapy","rare disease","aav","drug pricing","clinical trials","cell therapy"],"categories":["genetics","bodies"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":1246,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/somatic-gene-therapy","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/somatic-gene-therapy","outbound":["germline-editing","crispr-cas9","base-editing","prime-editing","aav-vectors","lipid-nanoparticles","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","epigenome-editing","dual-use-research","casgevy","crispr-off-target-effects","genetic-discrimination","access-and-inequality","precautionary-principle","gene-therapy-for-aging","governance-of-genome-editing","in-vivo-car-t"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","access-and-inequality","ai-protein-design","altos-labs","asilomar-conference","base-editing","bioconservatism","biohacking","cancer","casgevy","cochlear-implant","cortical-visual-prosthesis","crispr-cas9","crispr-off-target-effects","decellularized-scaffolds","differential-technological-development","emmanuelle-charpentier","epigenetic-reprogramming","epigenome-editing","gene-doping","gene-therapy-for-aging","genetic-discrimination","genetic-enhancement-of-intelligence","germline-editing","governance-of-genome-editing","head-transplant","in-vivo-car-t","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","jennifer-doudna","klotho","lab-grown-organs","lipid-nanoparticles","myostatin-inhibition","naked-mole-rat","newlimit","optogenetics","organ-bioprinting","organ-shortage","partial-reprogramming","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","prime-editing","progeria","radiation-hardening-humans","retinal-implant","sensory-augmentation","tardigrade-genes","targeted-drug-delivery","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/somatic-gene-therapy/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-11-01T08:11:32.415Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"space-medicine","title":"Space medicine","summary":"The medical discipline concerned with how spaceflight alters human physiology and with keeping crews functional in an environment the body did not evolve for.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The chest-CT-per-week comparison for orbital radiation dose carries no source.","Carotid stiffening and the disputed Apollo cardiovascular analyses are uncited."],"tags":["spaceflight","microgravity","radiation","bone loss","physiology","aging","countermeasures"],"categories":["space","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1983,"readingMinutes":9,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/space-medicine","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/space-medicine","outbound":["hallmarks-of-aging","microgravity-adaptation","radiation-hardening-humans","stem-cell-exhaustion","inflammaging","telomeres-and-telomerase","mitochondrial-dysfunction","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","aging-biomarkers","geroscience-hypothesis","exercise-and-aging","human-hibernation","tardigrade-genes","pantropy","closed-loop-life-support","generation-ship-biology"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-blood","biological-age","closed-loop-life-support","exoskeleton","generation-ship-biology","gut-microbiome","human-digital-twins","human-hibernation","microgravity-adaptation","myostatin-inhibition","organ-bioprinting","pantropy","radiation-hardening-humans","respirocytes","robotic-avatars","sleep-and-longevity","sleep-reduction","tardigrade-genes"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/space-medicine/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"speech-neuroprosthesis","title":"Speech neuroprosthesis","summary":"A brain-computer interface that reconstructs intended speech from motor cortex activity, producing text or synthesized voice for people who cannot speak.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"Peer-reviewed results come from single implanted participants or groups of up to four, mostly with ALS or brainstem stroke; one man has used a system at home for nearly two years, and no efficacy trial has reported.","access":"Not obtainable: research implants at academic centres and in small company feasibility studies, all investigational, with no approved or purchasable system as of October 2026.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["Neuralink's 75 wpm figure rests on a company post about a paywalled conference abstract that was not read directly.","Paradromics' September 2026 speech claims are sourced only to a local news report with no speed figure."],"tags":["bci","speech decoding","als","anarthria","neural decoding","communication"],"categories":["cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-30","wordCount":2447,"readingMinutes":11,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/speech-neuroprosthesis","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/speech-neuroprosthesis","outbound":["ecog-interfaces","utah-array","artificial-general-intelligence","neural-decoding","neuralink","cochlear-implant","neuroprosthetics","memory-prosthesis","mental-privacy","neurorights","brain-computer-interface","stentrode","synchron","human-ai-merger","brain-to-brain-interface"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-computer-interface","cochlear-implant","ecog-interfaces","human-ai-merger","mental-privacy","neural-decoding","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","stentrode","synchron","utah-array"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/speech-neuroprosthesis/history","revisions":4,"edits":3,"currentRevision":4,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-30T04:59:31.073Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"stem-cell-exhaustion","title":"Stem cell exhaustion","summary":"The age-related decline in the number and regenerative function of adult stem cells across blood, muscle, gut and skin, and the loss of repair capacity that follows.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Human sequencing establishes clonal hematopoiesis after 60 and a sharp fall in blood clonal diversity after about 70; the senolytic and reprogramming rejuvenation results are from mice.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The two conflicting 2018 human hippocampal neurogenesis studies are described without citations."],"tags":["aging","stem cells","regeneration","clonal hematopoiesis","niche","mechanisms"],"categories":["longevity","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1110,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/stem-cell-exhaustion","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/stem-cell-exhaustion","outbound":["hallmarks-of-aging","inflammaging","cellular-senescence","exercise-and-aging","caloric-restriction","parabiosis-and-young-blood","telomeres-and-telomerase","autophagy","mitochondrial-dysfunction","senolytics","partial-reprogramming","epigenetic-reprogramming","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","alzheimers-disease","autophagy","biological-age","cellular-senescence","coffee-and-aging","cynthia-kenyon","geroscience-hypothesis","hallmarks-of-aging","healthspan","immunosenescence","in-vitro-gametogenesis","inflammaging","leonard-hayflick","limb-regeneration","maximum-human-lifespan","microgravity-adaptation","myostatin-inhibition","nad-precursors","naked-mole-rat","nanoparticle-diagnostics","negligible-senescence","parabiosis-and-young-blood","partial-reprogramming","progeria","proteostasis","reproductive-longevity","sarcopenia","senolytics","space-medicine","telomeres-and-telomerase","tissue-engineering"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/stem-cell-exhaustion/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"synthetic-embryos","title":"Stem-cell-based embryo models","summary":"Structures grown by aggregating stem cells that reproduce stages of early embryonic development without fertilisation, and the regulatory categories they fall outside.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":3,"humanEvidence":"Nothing has been done in a person. Human work is confined to cultured cells, and no embryo model in any species has produced a live animal after transfer to a uterus.","access":"Not a product and not for sale: the models are made in research laboratories from pluripotent stem cell lines, and none is offered clinically or reproductively.","reversibility":"context","issues":["The 2023 human integrated embryo model reports are described without citations.","The 2016 thirteen-day human embryo culture result needs a citation."],"tags":["embryo models","stem cells","developmental biology","14-day rule","bioethics","regulation"],"categories":["reproduction","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1484,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/synthetic-embryos","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/synthetic-embryos","outbound":["induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","yamanaka-factors","reproductive-longevity","embryo-selection","organoids","asilomar-conference","precautionary-principle","ectogenesis","artificial-womb","human-cloning","governance-of-genome-editing","in-vitro-gametogenesis","lab-grown-organs","uterus-transplantation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-womb","asilomar-conference","ectogenesis","embryo-selection","in-vitro-fertilisation","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","lab-grown-organs","organoids","synthetic-genomes","xenobots"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/synthetic-embryos/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"stentrode","title":"Stentrode","summary":"An endovascular brain-computer interface in which a stent carrying electrodes is delivered through the jugular vein into a vein overlying the motor cortex.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"A small number of people with severe paralysis, mostly from ALS, have used the implant for discrete computer control over months to years; the published safety series covers four Australian participants.","access":"Investigational only: implants have been placed solely within the SWITCH and COMMAND feasibility studies at a handful of centres, with no market authorisation anywhere and nothing on sale.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The COMMAND primary safety endpoint is attributed to the company without a citation.","The 2023-2025 platform integrations are described without sources."],"tags":["bci","endovascular","implants","paralysis","als","neurotechnology"],"categories":["cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1117,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/stentrode","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/stentrode","outbound":["utah-array","ecog-interfaces","neural-decoding","synchron","speech-neuroprosthesis","exoskeleton","neuralink","non-invasive-neuromodulation","neuroprosthetics","cochlear-implant","deep-brain-stimulation","mental-privacy","neurorights","brain-computer-interface"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-computer-interface","ecog-interfaces","human-ai-merger","neural-decoding","neural-dust","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","speech-neuroprosthesis","synchron","utah-array"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/stentrode/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"steve-horvath","title":"Steve Horvath","summary":"German-American biostatistician who built the first multi-tissue epigenetic clock, giving aging research a quantitative readout it could test and argue about.","type":"person","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Needs a sourced birth year and education detail; the infobox omits Born and Education rows."],"tags":["epigenetics","biomarkers","aging","dna methylation","biostatistics","measurement"],"categories":["people","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1332,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/steve-horvath","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/steve-horvath","outbound":["epigenetic-clock","altos-labs","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","telomeres-and-telomerase","aging-biomarkers","negligible-senescence","senolytics","partial-reprogramming","geroscience-hypothesis","xprize-healthspan","consumer-blood-testing","epigenetic-reprogramming","biological-age","hallmarks-of-aging","david-sinclair"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","altos-labs","biological-age","epigenetic-clock","epigenetic-reprogramming","hallmarks-of-aging","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/steve-horvath/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"substrate-independence","title":"Substrate independence","summary":"The claim that mental states depend on a system's functional organization rather than on the material implementing it, so that a mind could run on non-biological hardware.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Aaronson's expander-graph objection and the 2023 open letter on IIT are described without citations."],"tags":["functionalism","consciousness","philosophy of mind","uploading","multiple realizability","qualia"],"categories":["minds","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1402,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/substrate-independence","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/substrate-independence","outbound":["mind-uploading","whole-brain-emulation","nick-bostrom","transhumanism","connectomics","personal-identity-and-continuity","teleportation-problem","organoids","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","machine-consciousness","cryonics","brain-preservation","artificial-general-intelligence","posthuman","human-ai-merger","digital-immortality"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alcor","anders-sandberg","artificial-general-intelligence","artificial-neurons","brain-preservation","connectomics","cryonics","digital-immortality","human-ai-merger","machine-consciousness","mind-uploading","natasha-vita-more","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","nick-bostrom","personal-identity-and-continuity","posthuman","teleportation-problem","transhumanism","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/substrate-independence/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"synchron","title":"Synchron","summary":"A neurotechnology company developing an endovascular brain-computer interface implanted through a blood vessel rather than by opening the skull.","type":"organization","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The funding section names investors but gives no amounts and carries no citation.","The 2025 Apple accessibility and NVIDIA collaborations are stated without sources."],"tags":["brain-computer interface","endovascular","neurotech","paralysis","clinical trials","implants"],"categories":["organizations","cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1339,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/synchron","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/synchron","outbound":["stentrode","brain-computer-interface","cochlear-implant","deep-brain-stimulation","utah-array","neuroprosthetics","neural-decoding","speech-neuroprosthesis","ecog-interfaces","neuralink","neurorights","mental-privacy","human-ai-merger"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-computer-interface","kernel","mental-privacy","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","neurorights","speech-neuroprosthesis","stentrode"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/synchron/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"synthetic-genomes","title":"Synthetic genomes","summary":"Genomes designed on a computer and assembled from chemically synthesized DNA, then installed in a cell to see whether the design lives.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2040s","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"Nothing has been done in a person. The built genomes are bacterial and yeast, human-directed work is confined to cultured cells, and no synthetic human chromosome exists as of 2026.","access":"Nothing to obtain as a product: genome-scale writing is done by a small number of funded laboratories, while commercial suppliers sell only short DNA fragments, subject to order screening.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The 2025 UK synthetic human chromosome programme is described without a citation.","The recoded Escherichia coli results carry no citation."],"tags":["synthetic biology","dna synthesis","genome engineering","minimal cell","biosecurity"],"categories":["genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1336,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/synthetic-genomes","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/synthetic-genomes","outbound":["crispr-cas9","prime-editing","recoded-organisms","george-church","xenotransplantation","germline-editing","synthetic-embryos","dual-use-research","existential-risk","ai-protein-design","gene-drive","mirror-life","governance-of-genome-editing","asilomar-conference"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["ai-protein-design","asilomar-conference","closed-loop-life-support","colossal-biosciences","de-extinction","differential-technological-development","dna-nanotechnology","dual-use-research","engineered-pandemics","existential-risk","george-church","grey-goo","mirror-life","molecular-assembler","precautionary-principle","prime-editing","recoded-organisms","virtual-cell-models"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/synthetic-genomes/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"tardigrade-genes","title":"Tardigrade genes and human cells","summary":"The attempt to transfer stress-tolerance proteins from tardigrades into human cells, and the gap between what those experiments showed and how they were reported.","type":"concept","status":"experimental","horizon":"2040s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"No person has received Dsup by any route. Protection has been shown only in cultured human cell lines against acute X-rays; no organism-level radioprotection has been demonstrated in a mammal.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The Dsup mRNA delivery work is described without a citation."],"tags":["tardigrade","radiation","dna repair","anhydrobiosis","gene transfer","dsup"],"categories":["space","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1136,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/tardigrade-genes","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/tardigrade-genes","outbound":["human-hibernation","radiation-hardening-humans","lipid-nanoparticles","proteostasis","cryonics","hallmarks-of-aging","somatic-gene-therapy","aav-vectors","germline-editing","crispr-off-target-effects","space-medicine","pantropy","negligible-senescence","human-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["naked-mole-rat","pantropy","radiation-hardening-humans","space-medicine"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/tardigrade-genes/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"targeted-drug-delivery","title":"Targeted drug delivery","summary":"The engineering of carriers and conjugates that concentrate a drug where it is needed, a field whose clinical successes have come from chemistry rather than from nanoparticle targeting.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Antibody-drug conjugates, sugar-conjugated siRNAs and reformulated carriers are approved and in routine use in patients; no approved nanomedicine's benefit is clearly attributable to EPR targeting.","access":"Approved conjugates and reformulated carriers are prescribed routinely in oncology and rare disease at specialty-biologic prices; carriers targeted to tissues outside the liver exist only in research.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["The count of approved antibody-drug conjugates in the keyfacts block carries no source."],"tags":["nanomedicine","drug delivery","oncology","antibody-drug conjugates","pharmacokinetics","nanoparticles"],"categories":["nanomedicine"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1360,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/targeted-drug-delivery","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/targeted-drug-delivery","outbound":["nanoparticle-diagnostics","lipid-nanoparticles","dna-nanotechnology","casgevy","non-invasive-neuromodulation","access-and-inequality","crispr-cas9","base-editing","gene-therapy-for-aging","senolytics","aav-vectors","somatic-gene-therapy","microrobots-in-medicine","medical-nanorobots"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aav-vectors","ai-drug-discovery","ai-protein-design","artificial-blood","base-editing","dna-nanotechnology","eric-drexler","glymphatic-system","human-digital-twins","in-vivo-car-t","lipid-nanoparticles","medical-nanorobots","microrobots-in-medicine","mirror-life","molecular-assembler","nanoparticle-diagnostics","neural-dust","recoded-organisms","respirocytes","robert-freitas","senolytics","xenobots"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/targeted-drug-delivery/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"technological-singularity","title":"Technological singularity","summary":"The hypothesized point at which machine intelligence begins improving itself fast enough that technological change outruns human ability to predict or steer it.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The claim that automated AI research is now measured rather than speculated carries no source."],"tags":["singularity","artificial intelligence","forecasting","intelligence explosion","superintelligence","recursive self-improvement"],"categories":["foundations","minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1988,"readingMinutes":9,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/technological-singularity","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/technological-singularity","outbound":["human-ai-merger","intelligence-amplification","whole-brain-emulation","extropianism","singularitarianism","cryonics","transhumanism","nick-bostrom","ray-kurzweil","accelerating-change","artificial-general-intelligence","posthuman","ai-drug-discovery","technology-readiness-level","ai-protein-design","machine-consciousness","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","existential-risk","differential-technological-development","effective-accelerationism","future-of-humanity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","artificial-general-intelligence","differential-technological-development","effective-accelerationism","existential-risk","future-of-humanity","human-ai-merger","intelligence-amplification","longevity-escape-velocity","molecular-assembler","nick-bostrom","posthuman","ray-kurzweil","singularitarianism","whole-brain-emulation"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/technological-singularity/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"technology-readiness-level","title":"Technology readiness level","summary":"A nine-point scale, originating at NASA, that rates how far a technology has moved from observed basic principles to proven operational use.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Adoption dates for ISO 16290 and the European Commission are stated without citations."],"tags":["forecasting","translation","regulation","engineering","clinical trials","methodology"],"categories":["foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1372,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/technology-readiness-level","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/technology-readiness-level","outbound":["senolytics","gene-therapy-for-aging","organ-bioprinting","tissue-engineering","artificial-womb","aging-biomarkers","geroscience-hypothesis","aav-vectors","lipid-nanoparticles","medical-nanorobots","cryonics","respirocytes","whole-brain-emulation","cochlear-implant","casgevy","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","accelerating-change","differential-technological-development","future-of-humanity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","ai-drug-discovery","artificial-heart","artificial-womb","closed-loop-life-support","human-digital-twins","medical-nanorobots","molecular-assembler","organ-bioprinting","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines","technological-singularity","tissue-engineering","uterus-transplantation","virtual-cell-models"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/technology-readiness-level/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"telomeres-and-telomerase","title":"Telomeres and telomerase","summary":"Repetitive DNA caps that shorten with each cell division, and the enzyme that rebuilds them, linking division limits, cancer risk, and a contested marker of aging.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":"Human genetics ties telomerase mutations to the short telomere syndromes, and Mendelian randomization ties inherited longer telomeres to higher cancer risk; no trial has tested telomerase therapy for aging in people.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The self-experimental telomerase gene therapy episode is described without a source."],"tags":["aging","telomeres","cancer","cell biology","biomarkers","mechanisms"],"categories":["longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1116,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/telomeres-and-telomerase","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/telomeres-and-telomerase","outbound":["cellular-senescence","hallmarks-of-aging","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","stem-cell-exhaustion","biological-age","consumer-blood-testing","epigenetic-clock","exercise-and-aging","aging-biomarkers","aav-vectors","dietary-supplements","gene-therapy-for-aging","negligible-senescence","sens-research-foundation","geroscience-hypothesis","maximum-human-lifespan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","biological-age","blueprint-protocol","cancer","cellular-senescence","consumer-blood-testing","cynthia-kenyon","epigenetic-clock","epigenetic-reprogramming","gene-therapy-for-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","hallmarks-of-aging","human-cloning","klotho","leonard-hayflick","maximum-human-lifespan","naked-mole-rat","negligible-senescence","progeria","senolytics","space-medicine","stem-cell-exhaustion","steve-horvath","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/telomeres-and-telomerase/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"longevity-dividend","title":"The longevity dividend","summary":"The argument that slowing biological aging would produce economic gains larger than curing any individual disease, and the disputes over how that value is calculated and who would pay.","type":"concept","status":"contested","horizon":"2030s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The 2006 Scientist article is cited from its listing and secondary quotations, not checked against the original text.","TAME funding status after the 2024 NPR report needs an official AFAR or NIA source.","No peer-reviewed valuation published after 2021 has been added."],"tags":["economics","aging","policy","healthspan","pensions","geroscience","health spending"],"categories":["society","longevity"],"updated":"2026-11-01","wordCount":2317,"readingMinutes":10,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/longevity-dividend","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/longevity-dividend","outbound":["geroscience-hypothesis","cancer","hallmarks-of-aging","david-sinclair","metformin","compression-of-morbidity","overpopulation-and-longevity","longevity-escape-velocity","glp-1-receptor-agonists","nir-barzilai","senolytics","rapamycin","heat-and-cold-exposure","exercise-and-aging","access-and-inequality","xprize-healthspan","aging-biomarkers","healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["access-and-inequality","aging-biomarkers","blue-zones","calico","compression-of-morbidity","cynthia-kenyon","fm-2030","future-of-humanity","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","healthspan","leonard-hayflick","longevity-escape-velocity","metformin","nir-barzilai","organ-shortage","overpopulation-and-longevity","rapamycin","right-to-die-and-right-to-live","sleep-and-longevity"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/longevity-dividend/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-31T23:48:17.074Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"teleportation-problem","title":"The teleportation problem","summary":"A thought experiment in which a person is scanned, destroyed, and rebuilt elsewhere, used to test whether survival requires physical continuity or only psychological continuity.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"indefinite","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Four-dimensionalism and non-branching accounts are described without citing a source."],"tags":["identity","parfit","thought experiment","survival","uploading","philosophy of mind"],"categories":["minds"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1314,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/teleportation-problem","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/teleportation-problem","outbound":["personal-identity-and-continuity","mind-uploading","human-ai-merger","posthuman","substrate-independence","neuroprosthetics","medical-nanorobots","whole-brain-emulation","brain-preservation","cryonics","digital-immortality","connectomics","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","machine-consciousness"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["digital-immortality","head-transplant","human-ai-merger","machine-consciousness","mind-uploading","personal-identity-and-continuity","robotic-avatars","substrate-independence"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/teleportation-problem/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"tissue-engineering","title":"Tissue engineering","summary":"The construction of living tissue from cells, scaffolds and signalling molecules, a field with approved products for skin and cartilage but no solid organ after three decades.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"Approved products treat burns, chronic wounds, focal knee cartilage defects, corneal burns and congenital athymia in patients; the only organ-like construct with years of human follow-up is a small bladder series.","access":"Skin substitutes, chondrocyte implantation, limbal grafts and cultured thymus tissue are approved and delivered through specialist centres; no engineered solid organ is available at any price.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["Approval dates for the cartilage, corneal and thymus products are stated without sources."],"tags":["regenerative medicine","scaffolds","biomaterials","stem cells","transplantation","cartilage"],"categories":["bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1308,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/tissue-engineering","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/tissue-engineering","outbound":["induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","decellularized-scaffolds","technology-readiness-level","access-and-inequality","organ-bioprinting","organoids","stem-cell-exhaustion","epigenetic-reprogramming","artificial-heart","artificial-blood","human-digital-twins","lab-grown-organs","limb-regeneration","organ-shortage","xenotransplantation","uterus-transplantation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","artificial-blood","artificial-heart","artificial-womb","closed-loop-life-support","decellularized-scaffolds","face-and-hand-transplantation","immunosenescence","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","lab-grown-organs","limb-regeneration","methuselah-foundation","organ-bioprinting","organ-shortage","organoids","osseointegration","retinal-implant","shinya-yamanaka","technology-readiness-level","uterus-transplantation","xenobots","xenotransplantation","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/tissue-engineering/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"transhumanism","title":"Transhumanism","summary":"The intellectual and cultural movement holding that human beings can and should use technology to overcome the biological limits of the human condition.","type":"concept","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Membership figures are characterised qualitatively and carry no source."],"tags":["transhumanism","movements","history","enhancement","ideology","bioethics"],"categories":["people","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1696,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/transhumanism","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/transhumanism","outbound":["cryonics","fm-2030","max-more","extropianism","nick-bostrom","existential-risk","humanity-plus","natasha-vita-more","methuselah-foundation","hallmarks-of-aging","longevity-escape-velocity","human-enhancement","morphological-freedom","whole-brain-emulation","mind-uploading","substrate-independence","access-and-inequality","aubrey-de-grey","singularitarianism","differential-technological-development","effective-accelerationism","leon-kass","bioconservatism","molecular-assembler","gene-therapy-for-aging","disability-rights-and-enhancement","posthuman","epigenetic-reprogramming","brain-computer-interface","artificial-general-intelligence","future-of-humanity"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["alcor","aubrey-de-grey","bioconservatism","biohacking","bryan-johnson","cryonics","digital-immortality","ectogenesis","effective-accelerationism","existential-risk","extropianism","fm-2030","future-of-humanity","human-enhancement","humanity-plus","intelligence-amplification","leon-kass","max-more","mind-uploading","morphological-freedom","natasha-vita-more","nick-bostrom","posthuman","respirocytes","sensory-augmentation","singularitarianism","substrate-independence","technological-singularity"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/transhumanism/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"utah-array","title":"Utah array","summary":"A silicon microelectrode array of 100 needles on a 10-by-10 grid, the standard sensor for chronic single-neuron recording in human brain-computer interface research.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"People with paralysis have used implanted arrays under investigational device exemptions to control cursors, robotic arms and speech decoders; some implants recorded usable signals beyond a thousand days.","access":"Not a therapy: the US clearance covers recording for up to thirty days, and every long-term implant is placed in a research study under an investigational device exemption.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["The 30-day US clearance appears in the infobox and prose without a source."],"tags":["bci","microelectrodes","neural recording","braingate","implants","neurotechnology"],"categories":["cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1158,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/utah-array","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/utah-array","outbound":["brain-computer-interface","neural-decoding","retinal-implant","speech-neuroprosthesis","neuroprosthetics","myoelectric-prosthetics","sensory-augmentation","memory-prosthesis","neuralink","ecog-interfaces","stentrode","optogenetics","cochlear-implant","deep-brain-stimulation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-neurons","brain-computer-interface","brain-to-brain-interface","cortical-visual-prosthesis","ecog-interfaces","human-ai-merger","mental-privacy","neural-decoding","neural-dust","neuralink","neuroprosthetics","retinal-implant","speech-neuroprosthesis","stentrode","synchron"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/utah-array/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"uterus-transplantation","title":"Uterus transplantation","summary":"A temporary transplant of a donated uterus that lets a woman without a working one carry a pregnancy, then is removed so that immunosuppression can stop.","type":"intervention","status":"emerging","horizon":"present","trl":8,"humanEvidence":"Dozens of live births have been reported since the first in Sweden in 2014, from both living and deceased donors; graft loss and preterm delivery are common.","access":"Performed at a small number of specialist centres, largely under research protocols, rarely reimbursed, and only after the recipient has completed IVF.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["Worldwide birth and graft-failure counts are stated qualitatively; a registry citation would sharpen them.","Outcomes for the children get one sentence; the follow-up literature is not surveyed."],"tags":["transplantation","reproduction","infertility","pregnancy","immunosuppression","ivf","surgery"],"categories":["reproduction","bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1748,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/uterus-transplantation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/uterus-transplantation","outbound":["artificial-womb","embryo-selection","technology-readiness-level","access-and-inequality","morphological-freedom","disability-rights-and-enhancement","precautionary-principle","decellularized-scaffolds","organoids","lab-grown-organs","organ-bioprinting","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","ectogenesis","in-vitro-gametogenesis","reproductive-longevity","organ-shortage","tissue-engineering","bioethics-of-enhancement"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-womb","ectogenesis","face-and-hand-transplantation","head-transplant","in-vitro-fertilisation","in-vitro-gametogenesis","lab-grown-organs","morphological-freedom","organ-shortage","reproductive-longevity","synthetic-embryos","tissue-engineering"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/uterus-transplantation/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"virtual-cell-models","title":"Virtual cell models","summary":"Computational models that simulate a cell's molecular behaviour, from complete cell cycles of minimal bacteria to learned predictions of how human cells respond to perturbation.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":3,"humanEvidence":"Complete whole-cell models exist only for minimal bacteria; learned models of human cell lines predict part of the transcriptional response to gene silencing, and none is validated as a model of a whole human cell.","access":"Most models and datasets are public, including Recon3D, Geneformer, scGPT and Arc's State; commercial world models are proprietary and released as previews to selected academic and industry users.","reversibility":"context","issues":["GenBio's AIDO Cell rests on company materials and trade coverage; no peer-reviewed description exists.","Genome-scale metabolic modelling is treated in one paragraph and deserves more."],"tags":["machine learning","systems biology","simulation","computational modelling","single cell","foundation models"],"categories":["foundations","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-30","wordCount":2650,"readingMinutes":12,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/virtual-cell-models","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/virtual-cell-models","outbound":["synthetic-genomes","biohub","isomorphic-labs","cancer","human-digital-twins","ai-drug-discovery","crispr-cas9","organoids","epigenome-editing","cellular-senescence","hallmarks-of-aging","aging-biomarkers","altos-labs","access-and-inequality","dual-use-research","genetic-discrimination","whole-brain-emulation","technology-readiness-level","artificial-general-intelligence","ai-protein-design"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["biohub","human-digital-twins","isomorphic-labs","personalized-mrna-cancer-vaccines"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/virtual-cell-models/history","revisions":6,"edits":5,"currentRevision":6,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T20:10:27.711Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"wearable-health-sensors","title":"Wearable health sensors","summary":"Consumer devices worn on the wrist or finger that continuously record pulse waveforms, movement, and skin temperature, and infer heart rhythm, sleep, and activity from them.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":9,"humanEvidence":"Prospective studies in hundreds of thousands of people show smartwatch algorithms can flag atrial fibrillation, and a randomized trial in older adults raised diagnosis rates; no trial has shown better clinical outcomes.","access":"Sold over the counter worldwide from roughly a hundred to several hundred dollars, some features behind subscriptions, several available only where a regulator has cleared them.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Non-US regulatory treatment of cleared features is covered only in passing","Runs past the 1,600-word target unless the article is treated as a flagship"],"tags":["wearables","heart rhythm","sleep","screening","consumer health","measurement"],"categories":["longevity","cybernetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1822,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/wearable-health-sensors","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/wearable-health-sensors","outbound":["sleep-and-longevity","continuous-glucose-monitoring","consumer-blood-testing","exercise-and-aging","quantified-self","biological-age","epigenetic-clock","human-digital-twins","dietary-supplements","biohacking","glp-1-receptor-agonists","aging-biomarkers","genetic-discrimination","mental-privacy","neurorights","access-and-inequality","brain-computer-interface","non-invasive-neuromodulation","compression-of-morbidity","healthspan"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["blueprint-protocol","brain-computer-interface","consumer-blood-testing","continuous-glucose-monitoring","glp-1-receptor-agonists","heat-and-cold-exposure","human-digital-twins","kernel","magnesium-l-threonate","mental-privacy","neurorights","quantified-self","sleep-and-longevity"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/wearable-health-sensors/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"whole-brain-emulation","title":"Whole brain emulation","summary":"A proposed procedure for reproducing a particular mind by scanning one brain's structure in detail, building a computational model from the scan, and running it.","type":"concept","status":"speculative","horizon":"2050s+","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The claim that groups are building dynamical models from the fly connectome carries no source."],"tags":["emulation","connectomics","simulation","consciousness","computational neuroscience","uploading"],"categories":["minds","foundations"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1849,"readingMinutes":8,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/whole-brain-emulation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/whole-brain-emulation","outbound":["mind-uploading","personal-identity-and-continuity","substrate-independence","connectomics","anders-sandberg","nick-bostrom","accelerating-change","technological-singularity","brain-preservation","cryonics","brain-computer-interface","neural-decoding","human-digital-twins","artificial-general-intelligence","machine-consciousness","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","digital-immortality"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["accelerating-change","alcor","anders-sandberg","artificial-general-intelligence","artificial-neurons","brain-computer-interface","brain-preservation","brain-to-brain-interface","connectomics","cryonics","digital-immortality","extropianism","future-of-humanity","generation-ship-biology","head-transplant","human-ai-merger","human-digital-twins","humanity-plus","machine-consciousness","memory-prosthesis","mental-privacy","mind-uploading","neural-correlates-of-consciousness","neural-decoding","neural-dust","nick-bostrom","optogenetics","organoids","personal-identity-and-continuity","posthuman","robert-freitas","singularitarianism","substrate-independence","technological-singularity","technology-readiness-level","teleportation-problem","transhumanism","virtual-cell-models"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/whole-brain-emulation/history","revisions":3,"edits":2,"currentRevision":3,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"xenobots","title":"Xenobots","summary":"Sub-millimetre motile constructs assembled from frog embryonic cells and shaped by an evolutionary algorithm, classed as neither robots nor organisms in any settled sense.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2040s","trl":3,"humanEvidence":"No xenobot has been placed in an animal or a person; the human-cell version, anthrobots, has been tested only in culture dishes, including on sheets of cultured human neurons.","access":"Not a product. Built in a small number of academic laboratories from frog embryos or donor-derived human airway cells; none are sold, licensed, or approved for any use.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Anthrobot lifespan and culture conditions are not covered.","The bioelectric-signalling literature behind Levin's framing is summarized rather than covered."],"tags":["synthetic biology","morphogenesis","biorobotics","regeneration","self-assembly","michael levin"],"categories":["bodies"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1687,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/xenobots","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/xenobots","outbound":["crispr-cas9","gene-drive","grey-goo","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","organ-bioprinting","decellularized-scaffolds","limb-regeneration","medical-nanorobots","microrobots-in-medicine","organoids","targeted-drug-delivery","recoded-organisms","mirror-life","precautionary-principle","machine-consciousness","synthetic-embryos","dual-use-research","tissue-engineering","lab-grown-organs"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["grey-goo","limb-regeneration","medical-nanorobots","microrobots-in-medicine","organoids"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/xenobots/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"xenotransplantation","title":"Xenotransplantation","summary":"The transplantation of organs between species, now pursued with genetically engineered pigs whose antigens and clotting proteins have been altered to survive in a human recipient.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2030s","trl":6,"humanEvidence":"Two patients received gene-edited pig hearts and several others pig kidneys under compassionate use; every graft has failed or been removed within months, and formal kidney trials were cleared in 2025.","access":"No marketed product and no price: recipients so far have been patients ineligible for a human organ, treated under compassionate-use authorisation, with the first kidney trials cleared in 2025.","reversibility":"difficult","issues":["Waiting-list, daily-deaths and 130-day graft figures are stated without citations."],"tags":["transplantation","organ shortage","genome editing","immunology","pigs","clinical trials"],"categories":["bodies","genetics"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1260,"readingMinutes":6,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/xenotransplantation","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/xenotransplantation","outbound":["organ-shortage","artificial-heart","george-church","crispr-cas9","recoded-organisms","de-extinction","human-cloning","lab-grown-organs","organ-bioprinting","decellularized-scaffolds","tissue-engineering","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","access-and-inequality"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["artificial-heart","colossal-biosciences","crispr-cas9","crispr-off-target-effects","de-extinction","decellularized-scaffolds","face-and-hand-transplantation","george-church","head-transplant","human-cloning","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","lab-grown-organs","organ-bioprinting","organ-shortage","precautionary-principle","recoded-organisms","synthetic-genomes","tissue-engineering"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/xenotransplantation/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"xprize-healthspan","title":"XPRIZE Healthspan","summary":"A $101 million incentive competition launched in 2023 that rewards a therapy restoring at least a decade of muscle, cognitive and immune function in older adults.","type":"organization","status":"emerging","horizon":"late 2020s","trl":null,"humanEvidence":null,"access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["Registration and semifinalist counts in the timeline carry no source."],"tags":["healthspan","prizes","clinical trials","aging","functional endpoints","geroscience"],"categories":["organizations","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1190,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/xprize-healthspan","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/xprize-healthspan","outbound":["healthspan","aging-biomarkers","exercise-and-aging","myostatin-inhibition","heat-and-cold-exposure","inflammaging","geroscience-hypothesis","rapamycin","senolytics","parabiosis-and-young-blood","partial-reprogramming","nad-precursors","nir-barzilai","metformin","longevity-escape-velocity","buck-institute","biological-age"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["aging-biomarkers","biological-age","epigenetic-clock","exercise-and-aging","geroscience-hypothesis","healthspan","humanity-plus","immunosenescence","interventions-testing-program","longevity-dividend","longevity-escape-velocity","loyal","methuselah-foundation","newlimit","nir-barzilai","robotic-avatars","sarcopenia","senolytics","sens-research-foundation","steve-horvath"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/xprize-healthspan/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"yamanaka-factors","title":"Yamanaka factors","summary":"The four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, which together convert a differentiated cell into an induced pluripotent stem cell.","type":"technology","status":"established","horizon":"present","trl":7,"humanEvidence":"Human cells have been reprogrammed to iPSCs since 2007 and clinical-grade lines are made routinely; no partial-reprogramming therapy using these factors has entered human testing with published results.","access":"A research reagent: the factors are used daily in laboratories and in clinical-grade iPSC manufacturing, and are not available as a treatment in any country.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The statement that Sendai virus and episomal plasmids dominate iPSC derivation carries no source."],"tags":["reprogramming","stem cells","transcription factors","epigenetics","pluripotency"],"categories":["genetics","longevity"],"updated":"2026-10-29","wordCount":1228,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/yamanaka-factors","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/yamanaka-factors","outbound":["epigenetic-reprogramming","telomeres-and-telomerase","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","steve-horvath","cellular-senescence","human-cloning","shinya-yamanaka","partial-reprogramming","newlimit","retro-biosciences","epigenome-editing","aav-vectors","lipid-nanoparticles","somatic-gene-therapy","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","gene-therapy-for-aging","hallmarks-of-aging","organoids","tissue-engineering","altos-labs"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["altos-labs","cancer","david-sinclair","epigenetic-reprogramming","epigenome-editing","gene-therapy-for-aging","human-cloning","in-vitro-gametogenesis","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","limb-regeneration","newlimit","organoids","partial-reprogramming","retro-biosciences","shinya-yamanaka","synthetic-embryos"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/yamanaka-factors/history","revisions":2,"edits":1,"currentRevision":2,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-10-29T07:38:11.427Z","createdAt":null}}],"wanted":[]}