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Some sentences go out of date without a word of them changing. A company’s trial timeline, a lab’s reported result, a count that holds “as of” a month — each was true when an editor checked it, and says nothing about whether it still is. These are all of them, grouped by article, the longest unrevisited first.
As of October 2026 it anchors what its partners call the largest coordinated commitment yet to generating data for Virtual cell models, on the premise that data is what such models lack.
As of October 2026 the Initiative lists Alex Rives as head of science, with site heads in San Francisco (Scott Fraser), Chicago (Shana Kelley) and New York (Andrea Califano).
It received $600 million over a decade, a building beside UCSF's Mission Bay campus, and two co-directors, the UCSF biochemist Joseph DeRisi and the Stanford bioengineer Stephen Quake. Jennifer Doudna and Robert Tjian of UC Berkeley took advisory roles.
statementAnwar, Y. "Chan, Zuckerberg pledge $3B to end diseases 'within our children's lifetime'." Berkeley News, University of California, Berkeley, 22 September 2016.
The same day Biohub announced that the team of EvolutionaryScale, a public-benefit AI company that builds protein language models, was joining, with its co-founder and chief scientist Alex Rives as head of science, and that it would expand computing capacity tenfold to 10,000 GPUs by 2028.
statementBiohub. "Biohub Launches First Large-Scale Scientific Initiative Combining Frontier AI with Frontier Biology to Cure or Prevent Disease." Press release, PR Newswire, 6 November 2025.
Its 2025 announcement also listed in-house models including rBio, a language model trained to reason about cell biology using virtual-cell simulators as a source of reward; like TranscriptFormer, it was described in a preprint rather than a peer-reviewed paper.
statementBiohub. "Biohub Launches First Large-Scale Scientific Initiative Combining Frontier AI with Frontier Biology to Cure or Prevent Disease." Press release, PR Newswire, 6 November 2025.
It promised to make the data openly and freely available.
statementBiohub. "Biohub Launches the Virtual Biology Initiative to Galvanize a Global Effort to Create the Open Data Foundation for AI-Accelerated Biology." Press release, 29 April 2026.
Google DeepMind, Isomorphic Labs and Meta are collectively investing $300 million, with no breakdown given; NVIDIA supplies computing infrastructure and Renaissance Philanthropy is helping raise further funds.
statementBiohub. "International, cross-sector collaboration commits nearly $2 billion to build foundational data for AI models to predict and treat disease." Press release, 7 October 2026.
As of October 2026 Kernel sells Flow to researchers and offers "brain age" scans through a few longevity clinics; no Kernel product is cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration to diagnose or treat disease.
In 2023 Johnson handed the chief executive role to Ryan Field, until then chief technology officer, and stayed on as chairman, saying the company would focus next on depression and cognitive decline.
statementJohnson, B. LinkedIn post announcing that Ryan Field would take over as Kernel's chief executive, 7 March 2023. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/bryanrjohnson_a-new-era-for-exploring-the-brain-activity-7038904803485245442-yFYh
A 2021 SPIE conference paper describes it as a whole-head system; as of October 2026 Kernel's product listings offer only Flow-based systems.
Kernel said in late 2025 that it expected a full readout by the end of that year.
statementKernel. "Defining the future of brain health." Fall 2025 company newsletter, October 2025. https://www.kernel.com/newsletter/2025fall.html
As of October 2026 the registry lists the study as still enrolling, with no results posted.
Five clinics were offering scans that autumn.
statementKernel. "Defining the future of brain health." Fall 2025 company newsletter, October 2025. https://www.kernel.com/newsletter/2025fall.html
Strategies under investigation include plasmapheresis, IgG-cleaving bacterial proteases, and B-cell-depleting or tolerising regimens; none is routine practice as of 2026.
The general claim is that acceleration is a feature of technology as a whole, because each advance provides tools for the next. Ray Kurzweil's law of accelerating returns is the best-known version: evolutionary processes build on their own products, so the returns (speed, capability, cost-effectiveness) grow exponentially, and the exponent itself grows.
statementKurzweil, R. "The Law of Accelerating Returns." Essay, 2001; expanded in The Singularity Is Near, Viking, 2005.
As of 2026 several licensed therapies are priced above two million dollars per patient.
Half went to David Baker for computational protein design; the other half was shared by Demis Hassabis and John Jumper for structure prediction.
statementRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024." Press release, 2024.
As of 2026 no de novo designed protein has been approved anywhere as a therapeutic drug.
It is among the largest single financial commitments made to rejuvenation biology, and as of 2026 it has published research but has not publicly named a clinical candidate.
Repurposing hopes have fared worse: two large trials of oral semaglutide in early Alzheimer's, the most prominent test of the idea that GLP-1 receptor agonists might protect the aging brain, reported no slowing of decline in late 2025.
statementNovo Nordisk. Headline results announcement for the evoke and evoke+ trials of oral semaglutide in early Alzheimer's disease, 2025.
A French bioprosthetic design combines a hybrid membrane of bovine pericardium on the blood-contacting side with electrohydraulic actuation and pressure sensors that adjust output automatically, and received European marking; its manufacturer has struggled financially, and its long-term availability is uncertain as of 2026.
As of 2026 no human has been supported by an artificial womb, and no clinical trial has been publicly reported as having enrolled a participant.
In February 2025 a summit returned to the same conference grounds for the fiftieth anniversary, and closed by publishing a set of signed entreaties rather than a single agreed framework.
statement"The Spirit of Asilomar and the Future of Biotechnology." Summit held at the Asilomar Conference Grounds, Pacific Grove, California, 23–26 February 2025; entreaties archived by Rice University.
The organising committee of the third international summit on human genome editing reported in 2023 that heritable editing remained unacceptable because neither the governance frameworks nor the safety standards for it were in place.
statementOrganising Committee of the Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing. "Statement from the Organising Committee." London, March 2023.
Since late 2022 de Grey has led the Longevity Escape Velocity Foundation, announced at the Longevity Summit Dublin that year.
statementLongevity Escape Velocity Foundation, levf.org.
As of October 2026 every demonstration of an artificial neuron coupled to living tissue has been an acute laboratory experiment in cells, brain slices or anaesthetized animals, and no study has reported implanting one in a person.
That promise remains unredeemed for the nearest existing analogue: the organising committee of the 2023 international summit on human genome editing described the cost of licensed somatic gene therapies as unsustainable and called for a commitment to affordable access, and one manufacturer withdrew an approved therapy from the German market in 2021 after reimbursement negotiations failed, later winding down its European operations altogether. Access and inequality examines the record.
statementOrganising Committee of the Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing. "Statement from the Organising Committee." London, March 2023.
statementbluebird bio. Announcement of the withdrawal of Zynteglo from the German market following reimbursement negotiations, April 2021, and of the wind-down of the company's European operations, October 2021.
The organising committee of the 2023 summit reported that heritable editing remained unacceptable, on the ground that neither the safety standards nor the governance frameworks for it were in place.
statementOrganising Committee of the Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing. "Statement from the Organising Committee." London, March 2023.
Its implementing rules took effect in July 2026, so as of October 2026 the scheme has little operating record.
The clinical side was led, as of 2023, by Oliver Zolman, a 29-year-old Cambridge-based doctor with a degree in regenerative medicine, who heads what Fortune described as "a team of 30-plus doctors and health experts".
His original protocol site described Blueprint as "an algorithm that takes better care of me than I can myself", and set out a principle that his "mind", which he regards as prone to impulse, is "unauthorized" to make food decisions; instead his heart, liver, lungs "and my other 70+ organs" are to "speak for themselves" through measurement.
statementJohnson, B. Original Blueprint protocol site, preserved as "protocol-archive", protocol-museum.bryanjohnson.com.
Described at the level of categories, the 2026 version of the protocol comprises:
statementJohnson, B. "Bryan's Protocol." protocol.bryanjohnson.com, relaunched January 2026.
The site presents itself as describing one man's choices rather than a prescription, and states that many of its therapies are off-label, unlicensed or still under investigation.
statementJohnson, B. "Bryan's Protocol." protocol.bryanjohnson.com, relaunched January 2026.
Johnson describes himself as "certainly the most biologically measured person ever", and his sites list blood panels, imaging, fitness tests, sleep data, and organ-by-organ estimates of Biological age.
statementJohnson, B. "Bryan's Protocol." protocol.bryanjohnson.com, relaunched January 2026.
His archived site reported a pace of aging of 0.69 at chronological age 46 and later 0.53, measured with DunedinPACE, an Epigenetic clocks built to estimate years of biological aging per calendar year, and claimed first place on the Rejuvenation Olympics, a public leaderboard of such scores.
statementJohnson, B. Original Blueprint protocol site, preserved as "protocol-archive", protocol-museum.bryanjohnson.com.
It also reports longer telomeres and lower inflammatory markers after twelve weeks of hyperbaric oxygen.
statementJohnson, B. "Bryan's Protocol." protocol.bryanjohnson.com, relaunched January 2026.
The site itself states that its biological-age claims are "preliminary", that the tests are "experimental and intended solely for research purposes", and that the protocol "represents an experimental clinical research project" whose results "will be periodically published in peer-reviewed journals".
statementJohnson, B. "Bryan's Protocol." protocol.bryanjohnson.com, relaunched January 2026.
As of October 2026, no peer-reviewed paper or preprint by the Blueprint team reporting the regimen's outcomes is indexed in PubMed or Europe PMC.
His archived site justifies the follistatin therapy, a form of Myostatin inhibition delivered as gene therapy, by a lifespan result in mice.
statementJohnson, B. Original Blueprint protocol site, preserved as "protocol-archive", protocol-museum.bryanjohnson.com.
He and his team concluded that "the benefits of lifelong dosing of Rapamycin do not justify the hefty side-effects", which he listed as intermittent skin and soft-tissue infections, lipid abnormalities, raised glucose and a higher resting heart rate.
statementJohnson, B. "I stopped taking rapamycin." Blueprint blog, 2024.
He co-created the Rejuvenation Olympics, a public leaderboard ranking entrants by a pace-of-aging blood test, and has been ranked first on it; as of October 2026 the leaderboard listed him first with a DunedinPACE of 0.50.
The institute lists 26 faculty and research professors, alongside a graduate programme and a translational arm intended to move findings toward companies.
statementBuck Institute for Research on Aging. "Leadership" and "Faculty." buckinstitute.org, accessed August 2026.
Brian Kennedy, a yeast geneticist known for work on the genetics of lifespan, led it during the first half of the 2010s, and Eric Verdin, an immunologist and metabolism researcher, has been president and chief executive since late 2016, with the autophagy researcher Malene Hansen serving as chief scientific officer.
statementBuck Institute for Research on Aging. "Leadership" and "Faculty." buckinstitute.org, accessed August 2026.
When the institute opened, it was the only place doing this work at scale; as of 2026 several private companies have larger budgets and can pay more.
Neither is an approved treatment as of 2026.
The National Association of the Deaf issued a position paper in 1991 opposing routine paediatric implantation, and revised it in 2000 into a more accommodating statement that nonetheless insists on sign language access and on Deaf people's role in decisions about deaf children.
statementNational Association of the Deaf. "NAD Position Statement on Cochlear Implants." 2000.
As of mid-2026 no multi-cancer test is recommended for routine screening by a national body, and none has been shown to reduce cancer mortality.
As of 2026 the technology is routine in research and has begun to produce approved medicine. Casgevy, an ex vivo therapy that disrupts an enhancer of BCL11A in a patient's own blood stem cells to raise fetal haemoglobin, was authorised in the United Kingdom and United States across late 2023 and early 2024 for sickle cell disease and transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia; it was the first approved CRISPR medicine anywhere.
On appeal in 2025 the Federal Circuit vacated that decision and returned the case to the board, so the American position remains unsettled as of 2026.
A pivotal trial in treatment-resistant depression is under way as of 2026.
As of 2026 the only publicly documented births following deliberate genome editing remain the three children of the He Jiankui experiment.
The question is unresolved as of 2026.
As of 2026, capability research has been far better funded than safety research throughout the period in which the argument has been made.
As of 2026 there is no substantial trial evidence either way: no randomized comparison of griefbot use against standard bereavement support, and no longitudinal data on outcomes.
As of 2026 the destructive methods of Connectomics have reconstructed human cortex in volumes of about a cubic millimetre, roughly a millionth of a brain, and no nervous system of any size has been emulated.
As of 2026 nobody has shown that this buys enough in a patient to outweigh a material that dissolves in blood, and the CRISPR–Cas9 era has meanwhile demonstrated how much can be achieved with delivery vehicles that have no internal architecture at all.
The Dog Aging Project is a long-term study of aging in companion dogs, anchored at the University of Washington and Texas A&M University, that has enrolled more than 50,000 pet dogs since opening in late 2019.
statementTexas A&M University. "Dog Aging Project Receives $7 Million NIH Grant To Expand Clinical Trial Of Anti-Aging Drug." Press release, 2025.
The consortium was founded by biogerontologists Daniel Promislow and Matt Kaeberlein at the University of Washington with veterinarian Kate Creevy, now chief veterinary officer at Texas A&M. It is an academic, largely federally funded effort and is separate from the commercial canine-longevity company Loyal, a distinction press coverage frequently blurs.
statementTexas A&M University. "Dog Aging Project Receives $7 Million NIH Grant To Expand Clinical Trial Of Anti-Aging Drug." Press release, 2025.
A five-year grant from the National Institute on Aging followed in 2018, and when nationwide enrollment opened in November 2019, owner nominations exceeded the initial target within days.
statementUW Medicine Newsroom. "Calling all canines for national Dog Aging Project." University of Washington, 2019.
A 2025 grant expanded enrollment from about 170 dogs toward a target of 580, with principal investigators at Texas A&M, the University of Washington, and the University of Wisconsin, and completion scheduled for late 2029.
statementTexas A&M University. "Dog Aging Project Receives $7 Million NIH Grant To Expand Clinical Trial Of Anti-Aging Drug." Press release, 2025.
The 2025 NIH award funds TRIAD's expansion specifically, while the longitudinal cohort continues on a leaner mix of donations and institutional support.
statementTexas A&M University. "Dog Aging Project Receives $7 Million NIH Grant To Expand Clinical Trial Of Anti-Aging Drug." Press release, 2025.
The US required screening for federally funded work under a 2023 executive order that was revoked in January 2025, leaving the status of the associated framework unclear as of 2026.
Its most consequential adjacent text is Marc Andreessen's "The Techno-Optimist Manifesto", published in October 2023, which argues that technology is the source of all growth and that "our enemy" includes sustainability, trust and safety, tech ethics, and risk management as named categories.
statementAndreessen, M. "The Techno-Optimist Manifesto." Andreessen Horowitz, October 2023.
Left accelerationism, set out by Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams in 2013, argued instead for seizing technological capacity from capital and directing it toward post-scarcity ends.
statementSrnicek, N. and Williams, A. "#Accelerate: Manifesto for an Accelerationist Politics." Critical Legal Thinking, 2013.
A 2016 perspective essay in Cell by Eric Lander, founding director of the Broad Institute, narrated CRISPR's development in a way that many readers judged to understate Charpentier's and Doudna's contributions and to overstate the Broad's; the criticism was directed both at the handling of the evidence and at the author's position at an institution party to the dispute.
statementLander, E. S. "The Heroes of CRISPR." Cell, 2016.
The 2020 prize was awarded "for the development of a method for genome editing" and was the first science Nobel given to two women and no one else.
statementThe Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020." Press release, 2020.
As of October 2026 no consumer clock is an approved diagnostic test.
In a 2025 post he reported a single reading of 0.48 and an average of 0.54 across three tests, described this as the world's slowest speed of aging, and said he chose the metric for "the robustness and reliability of the signal it measures".
statementJohnson, B. "My Birthday Happens Every 2 Years." Blueprint blog, 2025.
As of 2026 the field has moved into first-in-human testing, with results still limited.
Its authors stated explicitly that it is not a physical quantity and not measurable, and warned against treating it as one.
statementMore, M. "The Extropian Principles: A Transhumanist Declaration," version 3.0, Extropy Institute, 1998.
The final version listed seven: perpetual progress, self-transformation, practical optimism, intelligent technology, open society (information and democracy), self-direction, and rational thinking.
statementMore, M. "Principles of Extropy," version 3.11, Extropy Institute, 2003.
An account of protocol history published in Alcor's own library dates the switch from glycerol perfusion to vitrification to late 2000, so the procedures available when he died were not those of current Brain preservation work, and no revival of a cryopreserved human has been demonstrated or is close to being demonstrated.
statementde Wolf, A. and Phaedra, C. "Advances in Cryonics Protocols, 1990–2006." Alcor Life Extension Foundation library.
No gene drive organism has been released anywhere as of 2026.
Burkina Faso's government terminated all Target Malaria activities on its territory on 22 August 2025, eleven days after a small-scale release of non-gene-drive male-biasing mosquitoes.
statementTarget Malaria. "Target Malaria activities suspended in Burkina Faso." Project statement, 2025.
As of 2026 the animal results are real, and the human record consists almost entirely of unregulated self-experimentation.
In 2025 the company began two further single-arm studies, of a klotho plasmid and of klotho combined with follistatin, each enrolling 14 people; as of October 2026 neither had posted results.
That CSF enters brain tissue along blood vessels is well supported in rodents; whether fluid actually flows through the tissue, and whether sleep speeds it up, remain disputed as of October 2026.
In 2024 a large group of researchers published a call in Science to stop work toward mirror bacteria, arguing that such an organism could spread without the checks that constrain natural pathogens.
statementAdamala, K.P. et al. "Confronting risks of mirror life." Science, 2024.
Whether transplant benefits any condition other than recurrent C. difficile is being tested in registered trials; several indications have produced mixed or null results, and as of 2026 no second indication is established.
The defensible position as of 2026 is that these practices are plausible, mostly safe, poorly characterized and oversold.
As of 2026 no cloned human birth has been documented.
In October 2026 Biohub, the US Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health expanded the Virtual Biology Initiative, a programme to generate open, AI-ready data on how cells respond to perturbation, into a package the partners value at $1.8 billion, part of it existing federal datasets rather than new money.
statementBiohub. "International, cross-sector collaboration commits nearly $2 billion to build foundational data for AI models to predict and treat disease." Press release, 7 October 2026.
None of these is close as of 2026, and the last is shrinking rather than growing.
Edward Hudgins, a policy writer and founder of the Human Achievement Alliance, became executive director, and the board announced that it was reassessing what the organization's next challenges should be.
statementHumanity+. "Changes at Humanity+ — Our Future Path." humanityplus.org, December 2024.
As of 2026 Humanity+ continues to operate, but as a small education and advocacy body rather than the institutional centre it once was.
Its own announcement of the December 2024 leadership change put total donations raised over Vita-More's tenure at just over $400,000, a more exact measure of the organization's scale than any description, and listed its programmes as summits, workshops and the H+ Academy webinar series.
statementHumanity+. "Changes at Humanity+ — Our Future Path." humanityplus.org, December 2024.
Its current site presents the organization as education-focused, with a webinar series, an AI advisory board and an annual Longevity Day observance, and describes the large conferences and H+ Magazine in the past tense.
statementHumanity+. humanityplus.org, accessed August 2026.
Subsequent work has extended the reprogramming and expansion phases and clarified how the human germline erases and rebuilds its methylation marks, but as of 2026 no laboratory has publicly reported a human oocyte or spermatozoon made in vitro, and none has reported fertilisation with one.
As of mid-2026 no iPSC-derived product has full marketing approval anywhere.
Which source dominates in an individual older human is, as of 2026, not measurable, and that is the practical obstacle to acting on the geroscience version of the argument.
As of October 2026 no molecule it designed has been given to a person, so the clinical value of its approach is still untested.
By late 2025 the company reported more than 300 staff across London, Lausanne and Cambridge, Massachusetts.
statementIsomorphic Labs. "Isomorphic Labs to appoint Max Jaderberg as President." Press release, 26 November 2025.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry that Hassabis and John Jumper shared that October, with David Baker, honoured AlphaFold 2 and named both men as Google DeepMind researchers.
statementRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024." Press release, 9 October 2024.
The release gives no breakdown of the $300 million among the three companies.
statementBiohub. "International, cross-sector collaboration commits nearly $2 billion to build foundational data for AI models to predict and treat disease." Press release, 7 October 2026.
The announcement gave no valuation.
statementIsomorphic Labs. "Isomorphic Labs secures $2.1 Billion funding to scale its AI drug design engine." Press release, 12 May 2026.
As of October 2026 the company had not announced a first dosing.
The largest cause of clinical failure is lack of efficacy, which better structures and affinity predictions do not directly address, and as of 2026 no AI-designed drug from any company has been approved.
US interference proceedings have repeatedly favoured the Broad on eukaryotic claims, while European decisions have favoured the Berkeley group; appeals have continued into the mid-2020s, and the American position remains unsettled as of 2026.
As of 2026 a small number of CRISPR-based medicines are approved or in late-stage trials, most of them ex vivo cell therapies or liver-targeted in vivo treatments, and the delivery problem she flagged early remains the reason the list is short.
He retains Oxford and Melbourne affiliations, including a biomedical ethics group at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute.
statement"Julian Savulescu." Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
As of 2026 no solid vascularized organ made by any of these routes has been transplanted into a human.
A group of prominent biologists publicly criticized the handling of the case, and eighty-three of them signed a letter to Science arguing that the settlement terms had not been disclosed and should be.
statementBernard L. Strehler et al. "Hayflick–NIH Settlement." Science 215, no. 4529 (1982): 240.
The empirical position as of 2026 is unfavorable to near-term escape velocity.
At least one intervention that produces a measurable, durable reduction in age-related mortality in humans rather than mice. Reprogramming and transient OSK expression are the most-cited candidates, and neither has entered a well-powered human trial for an aging endpoint as of 2026.
Three plain questions remain unanswered as of October 2026: whether oral MgT raises magnesium in the human brain, whether its cognitive effect survives a trial its makers do not fund, and whether it does anything for older adults that matters outside a test battery.
The version he published in 2003 lists perpetual progress, self-transformation, practical optimism, intelligent technology, open society, self-direction and rational thinking.
statementMore, M. "The Principles of Extropy," version 3.11. Extropy Institute, 2003.
No such device exists as of 2026, and none is in clinical trials.
The design tradition has produced no device and, as of 2026, no fabrication route to one.
As of 2026 it exists as a set of within-session experiments in patients who already have electrodes implanted for epilepsy surgery, with reported effects on laboratory memory tasks and no chronic device in anyone.
As of 2026 the trial has not been funded at the scale it requires and has not enrolled, and the evidence that metformin slows human aging remains observational and contested.
In June 2021 two teams from the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine took first and second place with bioprinted liver tissue.
statementNASA. "Vascular Tissue Challenge (2016–2021)." Centennial Challenges, nasa.gov.
As of 2026 the foundation's own site presents its work as seven themed strategies, among them replacement parts, waste clearance and vascular restoration, with the Fund as the investment vehicle and the Mprize described among its early awards.
statementMethuselah Foundation. "What We Do." mfoundation.org, accessed August 2026.
"Make 90 the new 50 by 2030" is not a testable proposition and has no operational definition in terms of Healthspan or function, and as of 2026 no route to meeting it on that timeline has been described.
The foundation still states it as its overarching goal.
statementMethuselah Foundation. "What We Do." mfoundation.org, accessed August 2026.
Implanted nerve stimulation restores graded touch in research settings, but no commercial upper-limb prosthesis provides it as of 2026.
Four lines of work are active as of 2026, and most have moved away from muscular dystrophy.
NMN's status is disputed: US regulators concluded that because NMN had been authorized for investigation as a new drug, it is excluded from the dietary supplement definition, a determination that led major retailers to delist NMN products and prompted industry petitions that remained unresolved as of 2026.
As of 2026 the branch with the most clinical consequence is the blood test for fragments of tumour DNA, which is closer to changing cancer screening than any other technology in this wiki's nanomedicine section.
As of 2026 no national screening programme has adopted a multi-cancer blood test.
It framed artistic practice as a way of imagining and prototyping future forms of embodiment, rather than representing existing ones.
statementVita-More, N. "Transhumanist Arts Statement." 1982; revised in later editions.
As of 2026 TAME had not been funded at the scale it requires, had not enrolled, and had reported no results.
As of 2026 the human evidence consists of small studies with heterogeneous protocols, and the dose-response relationship is not well characterized.
The first human exposure to a partial reprogramming therapy, OSK for optic neuropathies, dosed its first participant in June 2026 in a phase 1 safety study confined to the eye.
statementLife Biosciences. "Life Biosciences Announces First Patient Dosed in Phase 1 Trial of ER-100 for Optic Neuropathies." Company announcement, 9 June 2026.
Moderna's product, intismeran autogene, encodes up to 34 of the top-ranked mutations in a single synthetic mRNA, made as a single-patient batch at the company's Massachusetts facilities and shipped to the trial site for intramuscular injection.
statementMerck and Moderna. "Merck and Moderna Announce Phase 3 INTerpath-001 Trial of Intismeran Autogene Plus KEYTRUDA Met Endpoints of Recurrence-Free Survival and Distant Metastasis-Free Survival in Patients With Completely Resected Stage IIB-IV Melanoma." Joint news release, 19 August 2026.
Merck and Moderna reported on 19 August 2026 that an independent data monitoring committee found statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in recurrence-free survival and in distant metastasis-free survival, with no new safety signals.
statementMerck and Moderna. "Merck and Moderna Announce Phase 3 INTerpath-001 Trial of Intismeran Autogene Plus KEYTRUDA Met Endpoints of Recurrence-Free Survival and Distant Metastasis-Free Survival in Patients With Completely Resected Stage IIB-IV Melanoma." Joint news release, 19 August 2026.
Fatigue, injection-site pain and chills were the common adverse events attributed to the therapy; immune-related events occurred in 45.2% of combination patients and 44% of those on pembrolizumab alone, so the mRNA did not appear to compound the checkpoint inhibitor's toxicity.
statementModerna and Merck. "Moderna and Merck Present 5-Year Data for Intismeran Autogene in Combination With KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab) in Patients With High-Risk Stage III/IV Melanoma Following Complete Resection at the 2026 ASCO Annual Meeting." Joint news release, 1 June 2026.
The nearest published comparison is unhelpful in a specific way: at five years the phase 2b's exploratory overall-survival hazard ratio was 0.471, but on fourteen events, with a confidence interval running from 0.165 to 1.345.
statementModerna and Merck. "Moderna and Merck Present 5-Year Data for Intismeran Autogene in Combination With KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab) in Patients With High-Risk Stage III/IV Melanoma Following Complete Resection at the 2026 ASCO Annual Meeting." Joint news release, 1 June 2026.
The eligible population is already defined: Merck and Moderna cite more than 330,000 melanoma diagnoses worldwide in 2022, and pembrolizumab is approved in the United States as adjuvant therapy after complete resection of stage IIB, IIC or III disease.
statementModerna and Merck. "Moderna and Merck Present 5-Year Data for Intismeran Autogene in Combination With KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab) in Patients With High-Risk Stage III/IV Melanoma Following Complete Resection at the 2026 ASCO Annual Meeting." Joint news release, 1 June 2026.
Moderna and Merck listed nine phase 2 and phase 3 trials of intismeran autogene as of mid-2026, across melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma.
None had reported.
statementModerna and Merck. "Moderna and Merck Present 5-Year Data for Intismeran Autogene in Combination With KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab) in Patients With High-Risk Stage III/IV Melanoma Following Complete Resection at the 2026 ASCO Annual Meeting." Joint news release, 1 June 2026.
No prime editing product is approved anywhere as of 2026.
What would settle the platform's case is durability measured in years and a second indication, and as of 2026 neither exists.
The Progeria Research Foundation, which maintains the international registry, had identified 163 people living with the syndrome as of mid-2026, and 223 counting the related progeroid laminopathies, spread across 55 countries.
statementThe Progeria Research Foundation. "Quick Facts About Progeria", "Clinical Trials", and "PRF Partnership with Forge Biologics", 2026.
Later trials combined lonafarnib with other agents, including everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor in the same class as Rapamycin, and a trial of a progerin-binding compound alongside lonafarnib was enrolling in 2026.
statementThe Progeria Research Foundation. "Quick Facts About Progeria", "Clinical Trials", and "PRF Partnership with Forge Biologics", 2026.
The foundation's candidate, an AAV-delivered base editor, was contracted to a manufacturer for clinical-grade production in March 2026, and the foundation describes manufacturing, engagement with the FDA, and protocol development as the steps still standing between the programme and a first trial.
statementThe Progeria Research Foundation. "Quick Facts About Progeria", "Clinical Trials", and "PRF Partnership with Forge Biologics", 2026.
No psilocybin product had been approved by any major regulator as of mid-2026.
The advisory committee's objections centred on functional unblinding, on the impossibility of separating the drug from an unstandardized psychotherapy the agency does not regulate, and on missing data about durability and abuse potential.
statementLykos Therapeutics. "Lykos Therapeutics Announces Complete Response Letter for Midomafetamine Capsules for PTSD." Company announcement, 2024.
Proposals to edit humans for radiation tolerance are a serious research topic and, as of 2026, entirely preclinical.
In 2012 he joined Google as a director of engineering working on natural-language understanding; his own biography now gives his title there as principal researcher and AI visionary.
statement"About Ray Kurzweil." thesingularityisnearer.com, the author biography for the 2024 book.
Kurzweil's central claim is that evolutionary and technological processes that use their own outputs as inputs improve at an exponential rather than linear rate, and that the rate of exponential improvement itself increases.
statementKurzweil, R. "The Law of Accelerating Returns." Essay, 2001.
Kurzweil has published self-assessments of his own forecasts, scoring the large majority of the 147 predictions he made in 1999 for 2009 as correct or "essentially correct".
statementKurzweil, R. "How My Predictions Are Faring." Essay, October 2010.
As of 2026 the field is in an unusual position.
As of 2026 regulators require none of them, and the same exposure applies to every implant discussed under Neuroprosthetics and to the emerging commercial implants covered by Neurorights debates.
The most developed programme targets autophagy, the lysosomal degradation pathway whose molecular machinery Yoshinori Ohsumi worked out in yeast and for which he received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
statementThe Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi." Press release, 2016.
The company's subsequent lead, UBX1325 (foselutoclax), a BCL-xL inhibitor injected into the eye for diabetic macular edema, has produced phase 2 data the company describes as favourable; an independent confirmatory trial had not been published as of 2026.
Every result above is from mice, and no immune-based senolytic had reported data in people as of October 2026.
Immorta Bio said in October 2026 that it had completed preclinical studies of SenoMune-0257, a synthetic nine-amino-acid peptide it identified using artificial intelligence to stimulate cytotoxic T cells against senescent cells, and that it expected initial human evaluation before the end of the year; no peer-reviewed data on the peptide had been published as of October 2026.
statementImmorta Bio. "Immorta Bio Pioneers AI-Designed Senolytic Immunotherapy Targeting Diseases of Aging." Press release, PR Newswire, 12 October 2026.
As of 2026 national governments and the laboratories building the systems treat the question as legitimate, though the specific singularitarian claim of a discontinuous, self-driven capability explosion remains a minority view among AI researchers.
Two questions dominate the research agenda as of 2026.
As of 2026 no regulator has accepted any clock as a surrogate endpoint, and the XPRIZE Healthspan competition deliberately chose functional measures instead.
As of 2026 no synthetic human chromosome exists.
Genome editing is the clearest case: the set of diseases addressable by CRISPR–Cas9 and Base editing as of 2026 is essentially the set of diseases whose causal gene is expressed in hepatocytes, because that is where the carriers go.
What exists as of 2026 is a body of scaling results showing that model loss falls predictably with compute, parameters, and data over many orders of magnitude, and a record of rapid gains on benchmarks that were designed to be hard.
Progress on it as of 2026 is real but partial, and its interpretation is disputed by people with access to the same evidence.
Fields relevant to this wiki show the pattern clearly. Senolytics cleared TRL 4 convincingly in mice and have produced modest or null results in the small human trials run so far. Gene therapy for aging has strong animal data and no controlled human efficacy evidence. Organ bioprinting and Tissue engineering are stuck between validated tissue constructs and anything approaching a vascularised organ. Artificial womb devices have kept premature lambs alive for weeks in animal studies since the late 2010s, and as of 2026 no first-in-human trial has been publicly reported.
As of 2026 nobody has claimed to have done it.
Levin and Daniel Dennett have pressed a stronger version of the framing, in which goal-directedness is a property found at every scale of biology rather than only in nervous systems.
statementLevin, M. and Dennett, D. "Cognition all the way down." Aeon, 2020.
The published competition guidelines specify the population, the treatment window and the scoring of each domain.
statementXPRIZE Foundation. "XPRIZE Healthspan: Competition Guidelines." XPRIZE Foundation, 2023.
Sendai virus and episomal plasmids dominate routine iPSC derivation as of 2026.
This is the practical reason that no partial-reprogramming therapy has entered human testing with published results as of 2026, and it is a specific instance of the delivery problem that constrains Somatic gene therapy as a whole.
As of August 2026 several AI-derived candidates have entered phase 1 and phase 2 trials, the first small molecule among them has begun phase 3, and none has been approved; the one positive phase 3 readout claimed for the field comes from a therapy in which the algorithmic step is antigen selection rather than molecule design.
The company built most directly on AlphaFold is Isomorphic Labs, the Alphabet spin-out from DeepMind that co-developed AlphaFold 3; despite partnerships with three large drug companies, none of its molecules had entered a human trial as of October 2026.
Anthropic reported in October 2026 on research partnerships with six drug developers (BigHat Biosciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Divergence Labs, Enveda, Generate Biomedicines and The Column Group) and on programmes of its own, having acquired Mithril Medicine, which it describes as a one-person company working on two rare forms of muscular dystrophy whose founder had used the company's Claude models to coordinate experiments across eleven external laboratories.
statementAnthropic. "Early progress on accelerating drug development with Claude." Company blog post, October 27, 2026, with the accompanying technical report by Tranbarger, C. and Mithril Medicine on a bispecific bridging antibody for LAMA2-related congenital muscular dystrophy, October 26, 2026.
Mithril's technical report dates the acquisition to July 2026 and names its author, Cody Tranbarger, as the founder; it also lists a team of paid consultants and advisers, and every experiment in it was performed by contract research organizations.
statementTranbarger, C. and Mithril Medicine. "Preclinical Characterization of a Bispecific Bridging Antibody for the Treatment of LAMA2-Related Congenital Muscular Dystrophy." Anthropic technical report, October 26, 2026.
In July 2026 the company announced the start of a 320-patient, 52-week randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 trial in China, the first phase 3 for a small molecule whose target and structure were both machine-nominated; no data from it exist.
statementInsilico Medicine. "Insilico Initiates Phase III Clinical Trial for Rentosertib, Its AI-Empowered TNIK Inhibitor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis." Press release, July 2026.
A designed nanoparticle scaffold is a component of a COVID-19 vaccine approved in South Korea, but as of 2026 no de novo designed protein has been approved anywhere as a therapeutic drug.
The claim is topline, from an interim analysis, and detailed data had not been released as of late August 2026.
statementMerck and Moderna. "Merck and Moderna Announce Phase 3 INTerpath-001 Trial of Intismeran Autogene Plus KEYTRUDA Met Endpoints of RFS and DMFS in Patients With Completely Resected Stage IIB–IV Melanoma." Joint press release, August 19, 2026.
Each course is built by sequencing the patient's tumour and encoding up to 34 of its mutations, selected by what Moderna describes as a proprietary algorithm developed with Merck.
statementModerna. "Exploring One Medicine for One Patient: Individualized Neoantigen Therapies." Company blog post, 2023.
Claude, the authors write, searched the literature, pulled the contract laboratories' reports into tables, re-analysed and plotted the data and drafted the text under their direction, and made errors that they catalogue.
statementTranbarger, C. and Mithril Medicine. "Preclinical Characterization of a Bispecific Bridging Antibody for the Treatment of LAMA2-Related Congenital Muscular Dystrophy." Anthropic technical report, October 26, 2026.
A BCI is therefore useful mainly to people whose ordinary output path is broken, and as of October 2026 every serious clinical result comes from that population: participants with tetraplegia, brainstem stroke, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Vision by cortical stimulation is earlier still: in October 2026 Elon Musk described Neuralink's Blindsight implant as awaiting regulatory approval (see Cortical visual prosthesis).
statementMusk, E. Post on X, 30 October 2026. https://x.com/elonmusk/status/2116019939056513218
Paradromics gained an investigational device exemption for its Connect-One speech study in November 2025 and implanted its first participant in June 2026; it says the participant now communicates by synthesized speech, text messages and phone calls.
statementParadromics. "Paradromics Receives FDA Approval to Expand Connexus Brain-Computer Interface Clinical Study Recruitment Nationwide." Press release, 26 October 2026. https://paradromics.com/news/paradromics-receives-fda-approval-to-expand-connexus-brain-computer-interface-clinical-study-recruitment-nationwide/
Musk forecast otherwise on 30 October 2026: the output bandwidth of Neuralink's Telepathy product "will vastly exceed the fastest human speech or typing in a few years".
statementMusk, E. Post on X, 30 October 2026. https://x.com/elonmusk/status/2116018780111597911
As of October 2026 every such device remains investigational.
Three devices were removed after the three-year visit and one at the end of the study.
statementVivani Medical. "Vivani Subsidiary Cortigent Presents Promising 6-Year Early Feasibility Study Results for the Orion System at NANS 2026." Press release via GlobeNewswire, 29 January 2026.
Its first participant received 25 of them in February 2022, and a second received 32, for 512 electrodes.
statementIllinois Institute of Technology. "First Successful Implantation of Revolutionary Wireless Visual Prosthesis Brain Implant." News release, 16 February 2022. https://www.iit.edu/news/first-successful-implantation-revolutionary-wireless-visual-prosthesis-brain-implant
Neuralink announced on 17 September 2024 that the FDA had given its Blindsight device a breakthrough device designation.
statementNeuralink. "Neuralink Receives Breakthrough Device Designation for Blindsight." Company blog post, 17 September 2024. https://neuralink.com/updates/neuralink-receives-breakthrough-device-designation-for-blindsight/
The company's co-founder Elon Musk wrote that day that "Provided the visual cortex is intact, it will even enable those who have been blind from birth to see for the first time", that vision would at first be "low resolution, like Atari graphics", and that it could eventually exceed natural vision and extend to infrared, ultraviolet or radar.
statementMusk, E. Post on X, 17 September 2024. https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1836120537883644049
On 30 October 2026 Musk described Blindsight as "ready from an engineering standpoint" and "Just waiting on regulatory approval", and said it would let those who "have never seen" see, this time without the earlier condition that the visual cortex be intact.
statementMusk, E. Post on X, 30 October 2026. https://x.com/elonmusk/status/2116019939056513218
The company merged with Nano Precision Medical in August 2022 to become Vivani Medical, whose lead product is a drug-delivery implant; Orion stayed in a neuromodulation division.
statementVivani Medical, Inc. Form 10-Q for the quarter ended 30 September 2022, filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1266806/000175392622001464/g083247_10q.htm
Cortigent says its next step is a larger pivotal trial intended to seek US marketing approval, subject to talks with the FDA.
statementVivani Medical. "Vivani Subsidiary Cortigent Presents Promising 6-Year Early Feasibility Study Results for the Orion System at NANS 2026." Press release via GlobeNewswire, 29 January 2026.
In July 2008 a Munich team transplanted both complete arms, elbows included, onto a 54-year-old farmer who had lost his arms six years earlier and found prostheses unsuccessful.
statementTechnical University of Munich. "The world's first transplant of both arms at the Klinikum rechts der Isar of the TU in Munich." Press release, 2008. https://www.tum.de/en/news-and-events/all-news/press-releases/details/31885
As of 2026 no clinical method regrows or engineers a functioning human hand or face; Limb regeneration and Tissue engineering cover that research, and Osseointegration describes prostheses anchored directly to bone.
He restated the claim as a near-term forecast in October 2026, writing that the output bandwidth of Telepathy, which he called Neuralink's first product, "will vastly exceed the fastest human speech or typing in a few years".
statementMusk, E. Post on X, 30 October 2026. https://x.com/elonmusk/status/2116018780111597911
Robonaut 2 was launched to the International Space Station on the shuttle Discovery on 24 February 2011.
statementNASA. "Robonaut2." NASA web page. https://www.nasa.gov/robonaut2/
In 2022 NVIDIA reported that shelf-restocking robots from Telexistence, which run on NVIDIA hardware, would go to 300 FamilyMart convenience stores in Japan, restocking automatically more than 98% of the time, with remote staff taking manual control through virtual reality when a drink toppled.
statementSalian, I. "AI Flying Off the Shelves: Restocking Robot Rolls Out to Hundreds of Japanese Convenience Stores." NVIDIA blog, 10 August 2022. https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/telexistence-convenience-store-robotics/
It publishes no performance metrics, and it describes its exoskeleton as combining whole-arm motion capture with the force feedback of leader-follower systems.
statementMundane Systems Inc. "Force-feedback exoskeleton teleoperation." Company technology page, https://mundane.co/technology, accessed 30 October 2026.
It says more than 100 tradespeople operated the robot at NECA 2026 in Las Vegas.
statementMundane Systems Inc. "100+ tradespeople operate the robot at NECA 2026." Company news page, https://mundane.co/news, 7 October 2026.
Mundane presents its exoskeleton the same way, as a working tool that also records skilled work for later automation.
statementMundane Systems Inc. "Force-feedback exoskeleton teleoperation." Company technology page, https://mundane.co/technology, accessed 30 October 2026.
Mundane's own story page describes a future in which "one person can direct a whole crew of robots at once".
statementMundane Systems Inc. "Our story." Company web page, https://mundane.co/our-story, accessed 30 October 2026.
As of 2026 the clinical end of the field is modest but real.
Neuralink's trial page says participants attempt or imagine speaking, with output as text or a re-created voice, and that its median participant decodes about 50 words per minute.
statementNeuralink. "Speech Restoration." Clinical trials page, accessed 30 October 2026. https://neuralink.com/trials/speech-restoration/
On 28 October 2026 the company stated that one participant with ALS reached 75 words per minute with a 5.8 percent word error rate on a 125,000-word vocabulary in the first week, citing a conference abstract presented at the Northeast ALS Consortium meeting.
statementNeuralink. Post on X reporting early speech restoration data, 28 October 2026. https://x.com/neuralink/status/2115534593147187397
A blog post the next day described features built during a 72-hour visit to one participant's home, among them decoding that starts and stops without a button press and synthesized speech fed into phone calls.
statementNeuralink. "A 72-Hour Engineering Sprint for Translating Thought to Speech." Company blog, 29 October 2026. https://neuralink.com/updates/72-hour-voice-hackathon/
Paradromics received approval for an investigational device exemption in November 2025 for Connect-One, a feasibility study of its Connexus device that initially enrols two participants across sites at UC Davis, Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of Michigan.
statementParadromics. "Paradromics Receives FDA Approval for the Connect-One Clinical Study with the Connexus Brain-Computer Interface." Press release, 20 November 2025. https://paradromics.com/news/paradromics-receives-fda-approval-for-the-connect-one-clinical-study-with-the-connexus-brain-computer-interface/
The study's first implant took place at Michigan in June 2026, in a woman with motor neuron disease; the device has 421 microelectrodes connected to a transceiver in the chest.
statementMichigan Medicine. "University of Michigan implants first-in-human Paradromics wireless brain-computer interface, designed to restore communication." News release, 17 June 2026. https://www.michiganmedicine.org/news-release/university-michigan-implants-first-human-paradromics-wireless-brain-computer-interface-designed
Elon Musk wrote on 30 October 2026 that Neuralink's first product, Telepathy, "enables high-speed communication with computers or humans simply by thinking" and that its "[o]utput bandwidth will vastly exceed the fastest human speech or typing in a few years."
statementMusk, E. Post on X quoting Neuralink's hackathon thread, 30 October 2026. https://x.com/elonmusk/status/2116018780111597911
Arc Institute's State was trained on observational data from 167 million cells and perturbational data from over 100 million more, spanning seventy human cell contexts.
statementArc Institute. "Arc Institute's first virtual cell model: State," June 2025; and "Virtual Cell Challenge 2025 Wrap-Up: Winners and Reflections," December 2025.
The largest bet on that premise came in 2026. Biohub, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative's science organisation, launched the Virtual Biology Initiative in April with $500 million over five years, $400 million of it for data generation and new measurement technology and $100 million for outside groups, and said the data it generates would be open and freely available.
statementBiohub. "Biohub Launches the Virtual Biology Initiative to Galvanize a Global Effort to Create the Open Data Foundation for AI-Accelerated Biology." Press release, 29 April 2026.
The figure combines Biohub's original commitment, more than $500 million of planned DOE spending over five years, routed through the federal Genesis Mission for AI in science, NIH datasets built through more than $500 million of earlier federal investment, which add data rather than new money, and $300 million from Google DeepMind, Isomorphic Labs and Meta, with NVIDIA supplying computing infrastructure.
statementBiohub. "International, cross-sector collaboration commits nearly $2 billion to build foundational data for AI models to predict and treat disease." Press release, 7 October 2026.
In August 2026 GenBio AI, founded in 2024 with headquarters in Palo Alto and laboratories in Paris and Abu Dhabi, previewed AIDO Cell, which the company describes as a world model of the human cell spanning DNA, RNA, protein, regulatory networks and whole-cell behaviour in one system, covering the K562 and HepG2 tumour-derived cell lines.
statementGenBio AI. "AIDO Cell: A General-Purpose Simulator for Cell Biology." Preview announcement, 18 August 2026.
No peer-reviewed description of AIDO Cell had appeared as of late August 2026, and the announcement reported no prospective experimental test.
Applications in aging biology are frequently proposed, since Cellular senescence and the other Hallmarks of aging are cell-level phenomena, though the shortage of validated readouts limits what a prediction could be checked against. Altos Labs took the generalist prize in the 2025 challenge, which indicates where some of the interest is coming from.
statementArc Institute. "Arc Institute's first virtual cell model: State," June 2025; and "Virtual Cell Challenge 2025 Wrap-Up: Winners and Reflections," December 2025.
Eight of the 14 authors work for OpenAI or PerturbAI, and the preprint had not been peer reviewed as of October 2026.
Its stated rationale is the proponents' side of the argument set out below, that data is the binding constraint, put by Biohub's head of science as a need for "orders of magnitude more data than exists today".
statementBiohub. "Biohub Launches the Virtual Biology Initiative to Galvanize a Global Effort to Create the Open Data Foundation for AI-Accelerated Biology." Press release, 29 April 2026.
Neither announcement names a licence beyond calling the result an open resource, gives a date for releasing data, describes how consent and access will be governed for the human donors whose cells and records are pooled, or mentions misuse.
statementBiohub. "Biohub Launches the Virtual Biology Initiative to Galvanize a Global Effort to Create the Open Data Foundation for AI-Accelerated Biology." Press release, 29 April 2026.
statementBiohub. "International, cross-sector collaboration commits nearly $2 billion to build foundational data for AI models to predict and treat disease." Press release, 7 October 2026.
Both resolved within days and neither caused symptoms.
statementVerve Therapeutics. Current Report on Form 8-K, 2 April 2024. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1840574/000119312524084067/d758833d8k.htm
The company's own investigation, including animal studies using a version of the drug with a guide RNA designed not to edit, concluded that the lipid nanoparticle was likely the primary driver of the abnormalities.
statementVerve Therapeutics. "Verve Therapeutics Announces Pipeline Progress and Reports Third Quarter 2024 Financial Results." Press release filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 8-K, 5 November 2024. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1840574/000095017024121072/verv-ex99_1.htm
As of November 2026, base editing is in clinical trials rather than approved practice, and the trials divide into two families.
Beam has said it expects to apply for United States approval of the therapy as early as the end of 2026.
statementBeam Therapeutics. "Beam Therapeutics reports second quarter 2026 financial results and announces first patient dosed in global pivotal cohort of BEAM-302 trial in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency." 4 August 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1745999/000119312526331522/beam-ex99_1.htm
Verve's successor candidate VERVE-102 carries the same adenine editor and PCSK9 guide RNA as VERVE-101 inside a different particle, one built around a different ionisable lipid and a sugar tag, N-acetylgalactosamine, that lets it enter liver cells through the asialoglycoprotein receptor as well as the LDL receptor.
statementVerve Therapeutics. Current Report on Form 8-K, 2 April 2024. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1840574/000119312524084067/d758833d8k.htm
Eli Lilly announced the purchase of Verve in June 2025 for about $1.0 billion in cash plus a contingent right to up to $3.00 a share that pays out only if a first patient is dosed in a United States phase 3 trial of VERVE-102 within ten years of closing, and completed it the following month.
statementEli Lilly and Company and Verve Therapeutics. "Lilly to acquire Verve Therapeutics to advance one-time treatments for people with high cardiovascular risk." Joint press release, 17 June 2025. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1840574/000119312525141748/d30505dex991.htm
statementVerve Therapeutics. Current Report on Form 8-K, 25 July 2025. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1840574/000119312525165462/d71385d8k.htm
Adverse events were mostly mild to moderate infusion reactions and grade 1 liver enzyme rises; one patient had a grade 3 enzyme rise that resolved without treatment while bilirubin stayed normal.
statementHurst, J. R. et al. "First-in-human in vivo gene editing for severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD): initial data from the phase 1/2 study of BEAM-302." European Respiratory Society Congress, 7 September 2026. https://beamtx.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Hurst_ERS_Final_presentation_7Sep26_v2.pdf
A cohort intended to support a potential accelerated approval filing in the United States began dosing in July 2026.
statementBeam Therapeutics. "Beam Therapeutics reports second quarter 2026 financial results and announces first patient dosed in global pivotal cohort of BEAM-302 trial in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency." 4 August 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1745999/000119312526331522/beam-ex99_1.htm
On that basis the FDA approved Mounjaro in August 2026 to lower the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes at high risk for them; the indication does not extend to obesity without diabetes.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "FDA approves Lilly's Mounjaro (tirzepatide) to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults with type 2 diabetes." Press release, 28 August 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fda-approves-lillys-mounjaro-tirzepatide-to-reduce-cardiovascular-risk-in-adults-with-type-2-diabetes-302862415.html
The failures are as informative: Novo Nordisk reported in late 2025 that two large trials of oral semaglutide in early Alzheimer's disease did not slow progression of the disease, the most direct test so far of the claim that incretin drugs act broadly on age-related disease rather than through metabolism.
statementNovo Nordisk. Headline results announcement for the evoke and evoke+ trials of oral semaglutide in early Alzheimer's disease, 2025.
US list prices sit on the order of a thousand dollars a month before rebates, several times what the same products cost in other high-income countries; manufacturers have opened self-pay channels from about $150 to the mid-hundreds a month; payers have restricted eligibility or withdrawn coverage for weight indications on budget grounds.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "FDA approves Lilly's Foundayo (orforglipron), the only GLP-1 pill for weight loss that can be taken any time of day without food or water restrictions." Press release, 1 April 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fda-approves-lillys-foundayo-orforglipron-the-only-glp-1-pill-for-weight-loss-that-can-be-taken-any-time-of-day-without-food-or-water-restrictions-302731485.html
Agreements the White House announced with Lilly and Novo Nordisk in November 2025 set a $245 monthly Medicare price for Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro and Zepbound, with a $50 monthly copay for beneficiaries, and lower cash prices through the government's TrumpRx site.
statementThe White House. "Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Announces Major Developments in Bringing Most-Favored-Nation Pricing to American Patients." 6 November 2025. https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/11/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-announces-major-developments-in-bringing-most-favored-nation-pricing-to-american-patients/
Novo Nordisk has said it will cut the US list price of its semaglutide products to $675 a month from January 2027.
statementNovo Nordisk. "Novo Nordisk announces significant reduction in US list price for Wegovy, Ozempic, and Rybelsus." Company announcement, 24 February 2026. https://www.novonordisk.com/news-and-media/news-and-ir-materials/news-details.html?id=916504
Uptake is rising faster than prices are falling: Lilly reported third-quarter 2026 revenue up 39 percent, with volume up 53 percent and realized prices down 15 percent across its products, led by Mounjaro and Zepbound.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly reports third-quarter 2026 financial results." Press release filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 8-K, 29 October 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000059478/000005947826000104/q326lillysalesandearningsp.htm
The FDA approved the Wegovy pill, a daily 25 mg semaglutide tablet, for weight management in December 2025, and in April 2026 approved orforglipron as Foundayo, a non-peptide small molecule that Lilly markets as a pill taken at any time of day without food or water restrictions.
statementNovo Nordisk. "Wegovy pill approved in the US as first oral GLP-1 for weight management." Company announcement, 22 December 2025. https://www.novonordisk.com/content/nncorp/global/en/news-and-media/news-and-ir-materials/news-details.html?id=916472
statementEli Lilly and Company. "FDA approves Lilly's Foundayo (orforglipron), the only GLP-1 pill for weight loss that can be taken any time of day without food or water restrictions." Press release, 1 April 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fda-approves-lillys-foundayo-orforglipron-the-only-glp-1-pill-for-weight-loss-that-can-be-taken-any-time-of-day-without-food-or-water-restrictions-302731485.html
Lilly reported $184 million of Foundayo sales in the third quarter of 2026, its second quarter on the market.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly reports third-quarter 2026 financial results." Press release filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 8-K, 29 October 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000059478/000005947826000104/q326lillysalesandearningsp.htm
Those are company-reported conference results, not a peer-reviewed paper, and Lilly plans phase 3 trials from the end of 2026.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's EloraTZP (combination of eloralintide and tirzepatide) delivered greater weight loss and A1C reduction vs. tirzepatide 15 mg in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes." Press release, 30 September 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-eloratzp-combination-of-eloralintide-and-tirzepatide-delivered-greater-weight-loss-and-a1c-reduction-vs-tirzepatide-15-mg-in-adults-with-obesity-and-type-2-diabetes-302894480.html
As of November 2026 nine patients with multiple myeloma have been described in peer-reviewed phase 1 reports, alongside five lupus patients in a shorter peer-reviewed letter, and nothing is approved.
Lilly closed that purchase on 25 June 2026, accounting for it as a business combination and recording about $4.7 billion as an acquired in-process research and development asset attributed to KLN-1010.
statementEli Lilly and Company. Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended 30 June 2026, Note 4.
Because they deposit their cargo overwhelmingly in the liver, they are also the reason most in vivo genome-editing programmes as of 2026 target a hepatic gene.
Loyal is a San Francisco biotechnology company, incorporated in Delaware in 2019 as Cellular Longevity, Inc., that develops drugs intended to extend the healthy lifespan of dogs.
statementCellular Longevity, Inc. Form D notice of exempt offering, US Securities and Exchange Commission, filed 16 January 2020 (CIK 0001799919). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1799919/000179991920000001/primary_doc.xml
Its founder, Celine Halioua, began her career at the Longevity Fund, the venture firm started by Laura Deming.
statementHalioua, C. "Loyal's Series C: $100M to advance the first longevity drug." Loyal company blog, 11 February 2026. https://loyal.com/posts/100m-for-first-longevity-drug
As of November 2026 the agency had accepted the effectiveness sections for all three of Loyal's drug candidates and the safety section for one, but had approved none of them, and no study had shown that a Loyal drug lengthens a dog's life.
By its own count it has raised more than $250 million since its founding, and it runs three programmes designated LOY-001, LOY-002 and LOY-003.
statementLoyal. "Loyal raises $100M Series C, led by age1, to advance the first canine longevity drug." Press release, 11 February 2026. https://loyal.com/posts/series-c-announcement
In February 2024 it said veterinarians might be able to prescribe LOY-002 as soon as early 2025, and a year later it hoped to complete all the regulatory requirements by the end of 2025.
statementHalioua, C. "Meet Boo, the first dog dosed in our LOY-002 pivotal study for extending healthy lifespan in dogs of nearly all sizes." Loyal company blog, 1 February 2024. https://loyal.com/posts/meet-boo-first-stay-study-dog-dosed
statementHalioua, C. "Not just for big dogs! Our senior dog program receives preliminary FDA efficacy acceptance (RXE)." Loyal company blog, 26 February 2025. https://loyal.com/posts/loy-002-receives-rxe-from-the-fda
As of November 2026 its website lists that section as in progress, and no Loyal product is on sale, conditionally or otherwise.
statementLoyal. Company home page, loyal.com, accessed 1 November 2026. https://loyal.com/
LOY-001 is a long-acting injection that a veterinarian would give every three to six months.
statementHalioua, C. "FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine agrees Loyal's data supports reasonable expectation of effectiveness for large dog lifespan extension." Loyal company blog, 28 November 2023. https://loyal.com/posts/loyal-announces-historic-fda-milestone-for-large-dog-lifespan-extension-drug
LOY-003 is a daily tablet: the compound CRN01941, which Crinetics Pharmaceuticals developed for acromegaly in people and licensed to Loyal for veterinary use in 2023.
statementHalioua, C. "Announcing our partnership with Crinetics Pharmaceuticals." Loyal company blog, 11 August 2023. https://loyal.com/posts/announcing-our-partnership-with-crinetics-pharmaceuticals
The company intends LOY-001 for dogs aged seven or older weighing at least 40 lb and LOY-003 for dogs aged five or older weighing at least 60 lb, and says both lower growth hormone and IGF-1.
statementLoyal. "Products in development," loyal.com, accessed 1 November 2026. https://loyal.com/products
statementLoyal. "Loyal Earns Third Efficacy Acceptance (RXE) from the FDA for Canine Lifespan Extension." Press release via Business Wire, 16 September 2026; reprinted by FinancialContent. https://www.financialcontent.com/article/bizwire-2026-9-16-loyal-earns-third-efficacy-acceptance-rxe-from-the-fda-for-canine-lifespan-extension
Loyal says the effectiveness section, more than 2,300 pages, combined interventional studies of LOY-001 in laboratory dogs used as a model of accelerated aging with an observational, drug-free study of 451 companion dogs, which it used to link the drug's biological effects to quality of life and health outcomes.
statementHalioua, C. "FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine agrees Loyal's data supports reasonable expectation of effectiveness for large dog lifespan extension." Loyal company blog, 28 November 2023. https://loyal.com/posts/loyal-announces-historic-fda-milestone-for-large-dog-lifespan-extension-drug
Loyal says full approval of either large-dog drug would require large, long-term efficacy trials similar to STAY, which it describes as planned.
statementLoyal. "Product brief for veterinarians," version 7, undated, accessed 1 November 2026. https://loyal.com/downloads/Loyal-product-brief-for-vets-v7.pdf
The company calls it a caloric restriction mimetic, meant to deliver the metabolic benefits of dietary restriction without weight loss or appetite suppression.
statementHalioua, C. "Not just for big dogs! Our senior dog program receives preliminary FDA efficacy acceptance (RXE)." Loyal company blog, 26 February 2025. https://loyal.com/posts/loy-002-receives-rxe-from-the-fda
It says the drug acts by improving insulin sensitivity and lowering insulin, but has not named the compound and describes the exact mechanism as confidential.
statementLoyal. Company home page, loyal.com, accessed 1 November 2026. https://loyal.com/
statementLoyal. "Product brief for veterinarians," version 7, undated, accessed 1 November 2026. https://loyal.com/downloads/Loyal-product-brief-for-vets-v7.pdf
The first clinical use was a 2023 pilot in 60 companion dogs aged 7 to 10, run mainly to see how the drug affected biomarkers that change with age.
statementLoyal. "Our LOY-002 clinical pilot study is now fully enrolled." Company blog, 11 April 2023. https://loyal.com/posts/our-loy-002-clinical-pilot-study-is-now-fully-enrolled
In March 2023 the Center for Veterinary Medicine concurred with its protocol, which the company describes as agreement that a positive result would support approval.
statementLoyal. "Loyal's latest milestone: the first longevity clinical study design supported by the FDA." Company blog, 10 March 2023. https://loyal.com/posts/loyals-latest-milestone-the-first-longevity-clinical-study-design-supported-by-the-fda
statementLoyal. "Our LOY-002 clinical pilot study is now fully enrolled." Company blog, 11 April 2023. https://loyal.com/posts/our-loy-002-clinical-pilot-study-is-now-fully-enrolled
The first dog was dosed in February 2024.
statementHalioua, C. "Meet Boo, the first dog dosed in our LOY-002 pivotal study for extending healthy lifespan in dogs of nearly all sizes." Loyal company blog, 1 February 2024. https://loyal.com/posts/meet-boo-first-stay-study-dog-dosed
Enrolment closed in July 2025 at 1,300 dogs, screened from more than 1,500, across 72 clinics, nearly three quarters of which had never run a clinical trial.
statementRatcliff, E. "The STAY study finishes enrollment: A big day for dog-kind!" Loyal company blog, 14 July 2025. https://loyal.com/posts/stay-finishes-enrollment
Owners commit to up to four years, and the trial compares lifespan, health and quality of life between the two groups.
statementLoyal. "Clinical trials" (STAY study page), loyal.com, accessed 1 November 2026. https://loyal.com/clinical-trials
Loyal calls STAY the largest clinical trial in the history of veterinary medicine, and Halioua has said it is well powered to detect lifespan and healthspan extension.
statementLoyal. "Loyal raises $100M Series C, led by age1, to advance the first canine longevity drug." Press release, 11 February 2026. https://loyal.com/posts/series-c-announcement
statementHalioua, C. "Loyal's Series C: $100M to advance the first longevity drug." Loyal company blog, 11 February 2026. https://loyal.com/posts/100m-for-first-longevity-drug
Treatment assignments stay blinded until the study ends, so no efficacy result had been released as of November 2026.
statementLoyal. "Clinical trials" (STAY study page), loyal.com, accessed 1 November 2026. https://loyal.com/clinical-trials
The safety section accepted in January 2026 rested, according to the company, on a safety study at one, three and five times the intended dose with no clinically significant adverse events, plus data from more than 400 dogs given LOY-002 for up to a year, which the company describes in one place as field data and in another as laboratory studies.
statementMcKenzie, B. "One step closer to a dog longevity drug: What LOY-002's safety milestone means to a practicing vet." Loyal company blog, 13 January 2026. https://loyal.com/posts/loy-002-tas
statementLoyal. "Product brief for veterinarians," version 7, undated, accessed 1 November 2026. https://loyal.com/downloads/Loyal-product-brief-for-vets-v7.pdf
The FDA publishes a Freedom of Information summary of the data on approval.
statementHalioua, C. "What is FDA conditional approval?" Loyal company blog, 16 April 2024. https://loyal.com/posts/what-is-fda-conditional-approval
The Center for Veterinary Medicine has accepted the reasonable expectation of effectiveness section for LOY-001 in November 2023, for LOY-002 in February 2025 and for LOY-003 in September 2026, and the target animal safety section for LOY-002 in January 2026.
statementHalioua, C. "FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine agrees Loyal's data supports reasonable expectation of effectiveness for large dog lifespan extension." Loyal company blog, 28 November 2023. https://loyal.com/posts/loyal-announces-historic-fda-milestone-for-large-dog-lifespan-extension-drug
statementHalioua, C. "Not just for big dogs! Our senior dog program receives preliminary FDA efficacy acceptance (RXE)." Loyal company blog, 26 February 2025. https://loyal.com/posts/loy-002-receives-rxe-from-the-fda
statementLoyal. "Loyal Earns Third Efficacy Acceptance (RXE) from the FDA for Canine Lifespan Extension." Press release via Business Wire, 16 September 2026; reprinted by FinancialContent. https://www.financialcontent.com/article/bizwire-2026-9-16-loyal-earns-third-efficacy-acceptance-rxe-from-the-fda-for-canine-lifespan-extension
statementMcKenzie, B. "One step closer to a dog longevity drug: What LOY-002's safety milestone means to a practicing vet." Loyal company blog, 13 January 2026. https://loyal.com/posts/loy-002-tas
As of November 2026 LOY-002's manufacturing section was still in progress and no Loyal drug was approved.
statementLoyal. Company home page, loyal.com, accessed 1 November 2026. https://loyal.com/
Loyal cites it as the precedent for LOY-002.
statementHalioua, C. "Not just for big dogs! Our senior dog program receives preliminary FDA efficacy acceptance (RXE)." Loyal company blog, 26 February 2025. https://loyal.com/posts/loy-002-receives-rxe-from-the-fda
Every claim in this area concerns dogs, and as of November 2026 no drug had been shown in a controlled trial to extend dogs' lives.
By its own account it raised a $45 million Series B led by Bain Capital Ventures in March 2024, taking its total above $125 million; a further $22 million in February 2025, taking it above $150 million; and a $100 million Series C led by age1, with Baillie Gifford participating, in February 2026, taking it above $250 million.
statementHalioua, C. "$125M to extend dog lifespan." Loyal company blog, 21 March 2024. https://loyal.com/posts/125m-to-extend-dog-lifespan
statementHalioua, C. "Not just for big dogs! Our senior dog program receives preliminary FDA efficacy acceptance (RXE)." Loyal company blog, 26 February 2025. https://loyal.com/posts/loy-002-receives-rxe-from-the-fda
The company said the Series C would fund the remaining regulatory work on LOY-002 and preparation for launch.
statementLoyal. "Loyal raises $100M Series C, led by age1, to advance the first canine longevity drug." Press release, 11 February 2026. https://loyal.com/posts/series-c-announcement
As of November 2026 the oldest living person with a validated age is Ethel Caterham, born in Hampshire, England, on 21 August 1909, who turned 117 in a care home in Surrey on 21 August 2026.
In a 2004 essay he wrote that if mortality rates at all ages fell by 10% a year and that decline were sustained indefinitely, the first 1,000-year-old would probably be only 5-10 years younger than the first 150-year-old, the reasoning behind Longevity escape velocity.
statementde Grey, A.D.N.J. "Escape velocity: Why the prospect of extreme human life extension matters now." PLoS Biology, 2004. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020187
In 2001 Steven Austad bet S. Jay Olshansky that someone would live to 150 by 2150, cognizant of their surroundings throughout, while Olshansky bet that 130 years is the top end of the human lifespan; three scientists are to settle it on 1 January 2150.
statementUniversity of Idaho. "Scientists bet $500 million on whose aging theory will prove best in 2150." Press release, 11 January 2001. https://www.newswise.com/articles/scientists-bet-500m-on-whose-aging-theory-will-prove-best-in-2150
As of November 2026 no drug trial in dogs has reported a lifespan result.
The Dog Aging Project's rapamycin trial had enrolled 170 dogs by December 2024 with a target of 580, and Loyal's STAY study of its drug LOY-002 is fully enrolled at 1,300 dogs and remains blinded.
statementTexas A&M School of Veterinary Medicine. "Dog Aging Project receives $7 million NIH grant to expand clinical trial of anti-aging drug." Press release, 9 December 2024.
statementLoyal. "Clinical trials." Company web page, accessed 1 November 2026. https://loyal.com/clinical-trials
With a rate of 0.0002 a year he obtained 3,500 years, and he put maximum lifespan at over 20,000 years.
statementde Magalhães, J.P. "Immortality and Society: The Consequences of Ending Aging." senescence.info, essay, version archived January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120108144724/http://www.senescence.info/immortal_society.html
The company began implanting the device in humans in January 2024 under an FDA investigational device exemption, and in January 2026 it said 21 people were enrolled in its trials worldwide.
statementNeuralink. "Two Years of Telepathy." Company blog post, 28 January 2026.
As of October 2026 its devices remain investigational and unapproved by any regulator.
statementNeuralink. "Telepathy." Clinical trials web page, neuralink.com/trials/device-control, accessed 30 October 2026.
From it extend 64 polymer threads bearing 16 electrodes each, 1,024 electrodes in total.
statementNeuralink. "PRIME Study Progress Update." Company blog post, 12 April 2024.
The implant processes the electrode signals and sends them wirelessly to a Neuralink application on an external device such as a computer, which runs the decoder; the battery is recharged inductively through the scalp.
statementNeuralink. "PRIME Study Progress Update." Company blog post, 12 April 2024.
The company says an hour of charging gives 4-8 hours of use, depending on the implant version.
statementNeuralink. "Telepathy." Clinical trials web page, neuralink.com/trials/device-control, accessed 30 October 2026.
In January 2026 the company said it was moving from roughly 1,000 to 3,000 electrodes per implant, testing mechanical features to keep threads anchored, and investigating inserting threads through the dura mater rather than removing it.
statementNeuralink. "Two Years of Telepathy." Company blog post, 28 January 2026.
In June 2026 it reported its first procedure in which the threads went straight through an intact dura into cortex.
statementNeuralink. "Our First Transdural Procedure." Company video, 30 June 2026.
In a June 2025 company presentation a Neuralink engineer said the R1 that implanted the first seven participants needed 17 seconds per thread at best, and presented a next-generation robot that he said inserts each thread in 1.5 seconds, can place threads more than 50 mm below the brain surface, and is compatible with more than 99% of the population.
statementNeuralink. "Neuralink Update, Summer 2025." Company presentation video, premiered 27 June 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FASMejN_5gs
In a recruiting talk published in December 2025, co-founder DJ Seo said the robot in clinical use had implanted 13 people, placing threads about 4 mm deep.
statementNeuralink. "Neuralink Overview, Fall 2025." Company video of a recruiting presentation by DJ Seo, published 3 December 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJdgHXyJh7M
An April 2026 company video showed the new design's eight cameras and an optical coherence tomography sensor that sees beneath the tissue surface; its engineers said it moves in five axes so it can reach more regions of the brain, and that it was "not in its final form".
statementNeuralink. "Automating Neurosurgery with Robotics." Company video, 29 April 2026, also posted on X. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KO53gwuqZUQ (X: https://x.com/neuralink/status/2049519486688972991)
The PRIME study (Precise Robotically Implanted Brain-Computer Interface) runs under an FDA investigational device exemption granted in May 2023 and enrols adults with quadriplegia from cervical spinal cord injury or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
statementNeuralink. "Neuralink's First-in-Human Clinical Trial is Open for Recruitment." Company blog post, 19 September 2023.
The first participant, Noland Arbaugh, received an implant at Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix in January 2024.
statementNeuralink. "PRIME Study Progress Update." Company blog post, 12 April 2024.
Within weeks he was using it to move a cursor, play chess and video games, and operate a computer for long stretches daily; the company reported research sessions of up to eight hours on weekdays.
statementNeuralink. "PRIME Study Progress Update — User Experience." Company blog post, 8 May 2024.
Neuralink disclosed this in a blog post several months later and reported recovering performance through changes to signal processing and decoding rather than reimplantation.
statementNeuralink. "PRIME Study Progress Update — User Experience." Company blog post, 8 May 2024.
For the second participant the company said it reduced brain motion during surgery and narrowed the gap between the implant and the brain surface, and it reported no thread retraction in that participant.
statementNeuralink. "PRIME Study Progress Update — Second Participant." Company blog post, 21 August 2024.
By January 2026 it said 18 of the 20 participants implanted after these changes showed higher signal quality, while performance still varied with anatomy and with disease stage.
statementNeuralink. "Two Years of Telepathy." Company blog post, 28 January 2026.
Keyboard, game-console, wheelchair and robotic-arm control are experimental features not available to every participant.
statementNeuralink. "Telepathy." Clinical trials web page, neuralink.com/trials/device-control, accessed 30 October 2026.
The company reports that several participants have reached and sometimes exceeded the 8-10 bits per second it gives for able-bodied mouse use, that a "ten finger keyboard for the mind" decoded from imagined finger movements has reached 40 words per minute, and that its trials have had no serious device-related adverse events.
statementNeuralink. "Two Years of Telepathy." Company blog post, 28 January 2026.
The FDA granted Neuralink a breakthrough device designation for speech restoration in May 2025.
statementNeuralink. "Neuralink Receives Breakthrough Device Designation for Speech." Company blog post, 1 May 2025.
Instead of the hand area used for Telepathy, the threads go into speech motor cortex, and a decoder turns attempted or imagined speech into text or into synthesized speech in a re-creation of the participant's own former voice.
statementNeuralink. "Speech Restoration." Clinical trials web page, neuralink.com/trials/speech-restoration, accessed 30 October 2026.
The company says its median speech participant decodes about 50 words per minute, against roughly 150 for natural conversation.
statementNeuralink. "Speech Restoration." Clinical trials web page, neuralink.com/trials/speech-restoration, accessed 30 October 2026.
Those figures were presented as an abstract at the annual Northeast ALS Consortium meeting rather than in a full peer-reviewed paper.
statementNeuralink. Post on X reporting early speech restoration data, 28 October 2026.
A day later Neuralink publicized a 72-hour engineering visit to a VOICE participant that produced prototypes including automatic detection of when the user is trying to speak, an integration of the company's existing speech app, Bloom, with iPhone calls, and a feature that starts a Grok computer-use agent when the user thinks of saying "Hey Neuralink".
statementNeuralink. "A 72-Hour Engineering Sprint for Translating Thought to Speech." Company blog post and X thread, 29 October 2026.
The FDA gave it a breakthrough device designation in September 2024, a status that speeds contact with the agency but is not a finding of safety or effectiveness.
statementNeuralink. "Neuralink Receives Breakthrough Device Designation for Blindsight." Company blog post, 17 September 2024.
As of October 2026 no Blindsight study had been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov or announced by the company.
Neuralink's visual-prosthesis page asked people to join its patient registry to be told when U.S. trials begin, and on 30 October 2026 Musk wrote that the device was "ready from an engineering standpoint" and "Just waiting on regulatory approval".
statementNeuralink. "Visual Prosthesis." Clinical trials web page, neuralink.com/trials/visual-prosthesis, accessed 30 October 2026.
statementMusk, E. Post on X describing Blindsight, 30 October 2026.
As of October 2026 no peer-reviewed clinical report from any Neuralink trial has been published, and the speech results exist only as a conference abstract, so durability, complication rates, and decoder performance cannot yet be assessed independently.
It announced a $280 million Series D led by Founders Fund in August 2023 and a $650 million Series E in June 2025, with investors including ARK Invest, Founders Fund, G42, Sequoia Capital and Thrive Capital.
statementNeuralink. "Neuralink Raises $280M Series D." Company blog post, 7 August 2023.
statementNeuralink. "Neuralink raises $650 million Series E." Company blog post, 2 June 2025.
In December 2025 the company hired David McMullen, who had previously worked at DARPA, the NIH and the FDA, to lead its medical affairs.
statementNeuralink. "Welcome, David McMullen!" Company blog post, 9 December 2025.
In October 2026 Musk described Telepathy as enabling "high-speed communication with computers or humans simply by thinking" and predicted that its output bandwidth "will vastly exceed the fastest human speech or typing in a few years".
statementMusk, E. Post on X describing Telepathy, 30 October 2026.
Any communication with other people runs through a computer, speech is handled by the separate VOICE study, and the highest speech rate the company has reported is about half the conversational rate it cites itself.
statementNeuralink. Post on X reporting early speech restoration data, 28 October 2026.
statementNeuralink. "Speech Restoration." Clinical trials web page, neuralink.com/trials/speech-restoration, accessed 30 October 2026.
The OECD projects the population aged 20 to 64 to fall by 13% across its members over the next 40 years, and by more than 30% in Estonia, Greece, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Spain.
statementOECD. "Rapidly ageing populations will continue to put pressure on pension systems." Press release, 27 November 2025. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2025/11/rapidly-ageing-populations-will-continue-to-put-pressure-on-pension-systems.html
On 30 October 2026 he replied "Longevity is coming" to a post about watching a grandfather and father decline with age, without further elaboration.
statementMusk, E. Post on X, 30 October 2026. https://x.com/elonmusk/status/2116026811570069944
As of November 2026 TRIAD had not reported efficacy results, so there is not yet any dog evidence that rapamycin extends lifespan.
As of November 2026 no survival data from the study had appeared in a peer-reviewed journal, so the claim cannot yet be assessed.
The company announced the failure on 15 November 2019 and stopped developing the drug for that indication.
statementresTORbio, Inc. "resTORbio Announces That the Phase 3 PROTECTOR 1 Trial of RTB101 in Clinically Symptomatic Respiratory Illness Did Not Meet the Primary Endpoint." Press release filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 8-K, US SEC, 15 November 2019. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1720580/000119312519292868/d832662dex991.htm
As of November 2026 it is approved nowhere, and the trials that would show whether it prevents heart attacks, kidney failure or death are still running.
The extension admitted only people with a starting BMI of at least 35 who had completed 80 weeks on the drug without stopping or permanently reducing the dose, so it describes people who tolerated the drug well, not everyone who started it.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered powerful weight loss in pivotal Phase 3 obesity trial." Press release, 21 May 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-delivered-powerful-weight-loss-in-pivotal-phase-3-obesity-trial-302778859.html
Pain also fell by 2.4 points on placebo, a large placebo response.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered weight loss of up to an average of 71.2 lbs along with substantial relief from osteoarthritis pain in first successful Phase 3 trial." Press release, 11 December 2025. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-delivered-weight-loss-of-up-to-an-average-of-71-2-lbs-along-with-substantial-relief-from-osteoarthritis-pain-in-first-successful-phase-3-trial-302638804.html
The trial was open-label, and as of November 2026 the results exist only as a Lilly announcement.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's retatrutide delivered greater A1C reduction and more than double the weight loss of Ozempic's highest approved dose in head-to-head trial." Press release, 28 October 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-retatrutide-delivered-greater-a1c-reduction-and-more-than-double-the-weight-loss-of-ozempics-highest-approved-dose-in-head-to-head-trial-302921328.html
A second head-to-head trial, TRIUMPH-5, compares retatrutide with tirzepatide.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's retatrutide delivered greater A1C reduction and more than double the weight loss of Ozempic's highest approved dose in head-to-head trial." Press release, 28 October 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-retatrutide-delivered-greater-a1c-reduction-and-more-than-double-the-weight-loss-of-ozempics-highest-approved-dose-in-head-to-head-trial-302921328.html
Major cardiovascular events were rarer than expected in both arms, and the results, pooled across the 9 and 12 mg doses, run in both directions: a hazard ratio of 0.82 (95% CI 0.55 to 1.22) for a five-part composite including heart failure and revascularisation, and 1.12 (0.64 to 1.96) for the conventional three-part composite of cardiovascular death, heart attack and stroke.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, successful in two additional Phase 3 obesity trials, delivering significant improvements in weight and A1C." Press release, 23 July 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-successful-in-two-additional-phase-3-obesity-trials-delivering-significant-improvements-in-weight-and-a1c-302832674.html
The 12 mg dose lowered average high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, a marker of the low-grade inflammation discussed under Inflammaging, by 51.2%.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, successful in two additional Phase 3 obesity trials, delivering significant improvements in weight and A1C." Press release, 23 July 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-successful-in-two-additional-phase-3-obesity-trials-delivering-significant-improvements-in-weight-and-a1c-302832674.html
No regulator anywhere had approved retatrutide as of late October 2026, according to Lilly.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's retatrutide delivered greater A1C reduction and more than double the weight loss of Ozempic's highest approved dose in head-to-head trial." Press release, 28 October 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-retatrutide-delivered-greater-a1c-reduction-and-more-than-double-the-weight-loss-of-ozempics-highest-approved-dose-in-head-to-head-trial-302921328.html
In July 2026 the company said its phase 3 data supported global submissions for obesity, knee osteoarthritis pain and sleep apnoea, and that it planned to file a Biologics License Application with the US Food and Drug Administration in the first quarter of 2027, once its chemistry, manufacturing and controls data package was complete.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, successful in two additional Phase 3 obesity trials, delivering significant improvements in weight and A1C." Press release, 23 July 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-successful-in-two-additional-phase-3-obesity-trials-delivering-significant-improvements-in-weight-and-a1c-302832674.html
Lilly's earlier drug tirzepatide received a US approval to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults with type 2 diabetes in August 2026; retatrutide has no comparable evidence yet.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "FDA approves Lilly's Mounjaro (tirzepatide) to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults with type 2 diabetes." Press release, 28 August 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fda-approves-lillys-mounjaro-tirzepatide-to-reduce-cardiovascular-risk-in-adults-with-type-2-diabetes-302862415.html
Lilly described the TRIUMPH-4 events as generally mild and rarely leading to discontinuation; for TRIUMPH-1 it called them mild to moderate and mostly resolving during treatment.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered weight loss of up to an average of 71.2 lbs along with substantial relief from osteoarthritis pain in first successful Phase 3 trial." Press release, 11 December 2025. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-delivered-weight-loss-of-up-to-an-average-of-71-2-lbs-along-with-substantial-relief-from-osteoarthritis-pain-in-first-successful-phase-3-trial-302638804.html
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered powerful weight loss in pivotal Phase 3 obesity trial." Press release, 21 May 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-delivered-powerful-weight-loss-in-pivotal-phase-3-obesity-trial-302778859.html
Lilly said the rate was highly correlated with baseline BMI and included people who stopped over perceived excessive weight loss.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered weight loss of up to an average of 71.2 lbs along with substantial relief from osteoarthritis pain in first successful Phase 3 trial." Press release, 11 December 2025. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-delivered-weight-loss-of-up-to-an-average-of-71-2-lbs-along-with-substantial-relief-from-osteoarthritis-pain-in-first-successful-phase-3-trial-302638804.html
Rates on 12 mg were lower in other trials, 11.3% in TRIUMPH-1 and 13.5% in TRIUMPH-3.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered powerful weight loss in pivotal Phase 3 obesity trial." Press release, 21 May 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-delivered-powerful-weight-loss-in-pivotal-phase-3-obesity-trial-302778859.html
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, successful in two additional Phase 3 obesity trials, delivering significant improvements in weight and A1C." Press release, 23 July 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-successful-in-two-additional-phase-3-obesity-trials-delivering-significant-improvements-in-weight-and-a1c-302832674.html
Long-term safety beyond two years is unknown, and the cardiovascular question is open: TRIUMPH-3's hazard ratio for heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death was 1.12 with a confidence interval from 0.64 to 1.96.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, successful in two additional Phase 3 obesity trials, delivering significant improvements in weight and A1C." Press release, 23 July 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-successful-in-two-additional-phase-3-obesity-trials-delivering-significant-improvements-in-weight-and-a1c-302832674.html
In August 2026 Lilly announced six new US lawsuits against sellers, four peptide vendors, an aesthetics clinic and a pharmacy, and said it had reported more than 14,000 listings and posts in over 100 countries.
statementEli Lilly and Company. "Lilly calls on online platforms, payment companies and regulators to shut down the illegal retatrutide black market." Press release, 12 August 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lilly-calls-on-online-platforms-payment-companies-and-regulators-to-shut-down-the-illegal-retatrutide-black-market-302849551.html
Azelaprag, an oral apelin-receptor agonist developed by BioAge Labs on the rationale that apelin is an exercise-induced signal that declines with age, had shown prevention of muscle atrophy during bed rest in a small phase 1b study; its phase 2 obesity trial alongside tirzepatide was discontinued in December 2024 after liver-enzyme elevations in the azelaprag arms.
statementBioAge Labs. "BioAge Labs Announces Discontinuation of STRIDES Phase 2 Clinical Trial Evaluating Azelaprag in Combination with Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obesity." Press release, December 2024.
As of 2026 no regulator has approved any drug for sarcopenia.
As of 2026 more than twenty gene and gene-modified cell therapies hold marketing authorisation in the United States, nearly all of them for rare single-gene disorders or for blood cancers.
Promoting it at a September 2006 symposium, the Alliance for Aging Research, a Washington advocacy group whose executive director Daniel Perry was a co-author, reported Olshansky as saying the dividend would include lower health care costs, higher savings and greater worker productivity, and stated that less than 0.1% of the National Institutes of Health's $28 billion 2006 budget went to the biology of aging.
statementAlliance for Aging Research. "In Pursuit of the 'Longevity Dividend'." Press release, 12 September 2006. https://www.agingresearch.org/news/in-pursuit-of-the-longevity-dividend/
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