Chronology
A timeline of human futures
Landmark moments that moved ideas about redesigning human biology from theory toward the clinic — and the controversies that shaped their limits.
CAR-T tested in autoimmune disease
Engineered cell therapy shows durable responses in severe autoimmune disease.
Future Pharma →First CRISPR therapy approved
A CRISPR-based therapy for sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia reaches approval.
Genetic Modification →Gene-edited pig heart transplanted
A living patient receives a gene-edited pig heart under special authorization.
Frontier Biotech →Synthetic embryos grown from stem cells
Integrated mouse embryo models form early organs without egg or sperm.
Reproduction & Development →In vivo CRISPR edits a disease protein
A single infusion durably lowers a disease protein in patients with amyloidosis.
Genetic Modification →Psilocybin rivals an antidepressant in a trial
A head-to-head trial puts psilocybin therapy on the map for depression.
Mind & Cognition →mRNA vaccines validate programmable RNA
Large-scale deployment proves RNA can be a fast, programmable therapeutic platform.
Future Pharma →Gene-edited babies announced and condemned
The birth of CRISPR-edited babies draws near-universal condemnation and legal consequences.
Genetic Modification →First CAR-T therapy approved
A CAR-T cell therapy becomes the first approved gene therapy of its kind in the US.
Future Pharma →In vivo partial reprogramming in mice
Cyclic expression of reprogramming factors reduced signs of aging in mice.
Longevity Science →Eggs generated from stem cells in mice
Researchers complete the mouse female germ line in a dish, producing fertile offspring.
Reproduction & Development →UK approves mitochondrial replacement
Parliament permits a regulated pathway for mitochondrial donation to prevent inherited disease.
Reproduction & Development →Hallmarks of Aging published
A shared framework organizes aging biology into interconnected hallmarks.
Longevity Science →First DNA methylation age clock
Methylation patterns shown to estimate biological age across tissues.
Genetic Modification →CRISPR-Cas9 as a programmable editor
CRISPR-Cas9 described as a tool that can be directed to cut chosen DNA sequences, transforming gene editing.
Genetic Modification →iPSC reprogramming discovered
Yamanaka factors shown to reprogram adult cells to a pluripotent state, seeding the idea of epigenetic rejuvenation.
Longevity Science →