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categories: ["organizations", "cybernetics"]categories: ["organizations", "cybernetics"]tags: ["bci", "neurotechnology", "implants", "elon musk", "clinical trials", "paralysis"]tags: ["bci", "neurotechnology", "implants", "elon musk", "clinical trials", "paralysis"]summary: "American neurotechnology company founded in 2016 developing a wireless implanted brain-computer interface with flexible electrode threads inserted by a surgical robot."summary: "American neurotechnology company founded in 2016 developing a wireless implanted brain-computer interface with flexible electrode threads inserted by a surgical robot."updated: "2026-10-30"updated: "2026-11-01"issues: ["Participant counts after January 2026 come only from secondary trackers; add once Neuralink or a registry confirms."]issues: ["Participant counts after January 2026 come only from secondary trackers; add once Neuralink or a registry confirms.", "Unconfirmed whether the next-generation robot has been used in a trial surgery; add once Neuralink says so."]------ ```infobox```infoboxlines 69–74 → 69–8554 unchanged lines not shown
June 2026 it reported its first procedure in which the threads went straight through an intactJune 2026 it reported its first procedure in which the threads went straight through an intactdura into cortex.[^nltransdural2026]dura into cortex.[^nltransdural2026] The robot is being redesigned as well. In a June 2025 company presentation a Neuralink engineer said the R1that implanted the first seven participants needed 17 seconds per thread at best, and presented anext-generation robot that he said inserts each thread in 1.5 seconds, can place threads more than50 mm below the brain surface, and is compatible with more than 99% of thepopulation.[^nlsummer2025] In a recruiting talk published in December 2025, co-founder DJ Seo saidthe robot in clinical use had implanted 13 people, placing threads about 4 mm deep.[^nlfall2025] AnApril 2026 company video showed the new design's eight cameras and an optical coherence tomographysensor that sees beneath the tissue surface; its engineers said it moves in five axes so it canreach more regions of the brain, and that it was "not in its final form".[^nlrobot2026] All of thesefigures are Neuralink's own. As used in its trials so far, the device records but does not stimulate, which puts it in aAs used in its trials so far, the device records but does not stimulate, which puts it in adifferent category from the implanted neurotechnologies already in routine clinical use, such asdifferent category from the implanted neurotechnologies already in routine clinical use, such asthe [[cochlear-implant]] and [[deep-brain-stimulation]], which write signals in rather thanthe [[cochlear-implant]] and [[deep-brain-stimulation]], which write signals in rather thanlines 83–89 → 94–1008 unchanged lines not shown
{ "year": "2021", "title": "Macaque cursor control", "text": "A monkey plays a cursor-based video game using the implant, replicating a capability shown in primate laboratories years earlier." }, { "year": "2021", "title": "Macaque cursor control", "text": "A monkey plays a cursor-based video game using the implant, replicating a capability shown in primate laboratories years earlier." }, { "year": "2023", "title": "Human trial cleared", "text": "The FDA grants an investigational device exemption in May; the PRIME study opens recruitment in September for people with quadriplegia." }, { "year": "2023", "title": "Human trial cleared", "text": "The FDA grants an investigational device exemption in May; the PRIME study opens recruitment in September for people with quadriplegia." }, { "year": "2024", "title": "First human implants", "text": "The first participant receives the device in January; the company later discloses that many threads retracted from the cortex. Blindsight receives an FDA breakthrough device designation; CAN-PRIME and the CONVOY robotic-arm study open." }, { "year": "2024", "title": "First human implants", "text": "The first participant receives the device in January; the company later discloses that many threads retracted from the cortex. Blindsight receives an FDA breakthrough device designation; CAN-PRIME and the CONVOY robotic-arm study open." }, { "year": "2025", "title": "Speech and expansion", "text": "Speech restoration receives a breakthrough device designation; studies open in the United Arab Emirates and Great Britain; the VOICE speech study starts in October." }, { "year": "2025", "title": "Speech and expansion", "text": "Speech restoration receives a breakthrough device designation; studies open in the United Arab Emirates and Great Britain; the VOICE speech study starts in October. In June the company shows a faster next-generation surgical robot." }, { "year": "2026", "title": "Speech data and Blindsight wait", "text": "The company reports 21 enrolled participants in January and early speech results at a conference in October; Musk says Blindsight awaits regulatory approval." } { "year": "2026", "title": "Speech data and Blindsight wait", "text": "The company reports 21 enrolled participants in January and early speech results at a conference in October; Musk says Blindsight awaits regulatory approval." }]]``````lines 309–314 → 320–331219 unchanged lines not shown
[^twoyears2026]: `statement` Neuralink. "Two Years of Telepathy." Company blog post, 28 January 2026. {Participant counts, signal-quality trends and the adverse-event record are all self-reported, with no accompanying data release.}[^twoyears2026]: `statement` Neuralink. "Two Years of Telepathy." Company blog post, 28 January 2026. {Participant counts, signal-quality trends and the adverse-event record are all self-reported, with no accompanying data release.} [^nltransdural2026]: `statement` Neuralink. "Our First Transdural Procedure." Company video, 30 June 2026.[^nltransdural2026]: `statement` Neuralink. "Our First Transdural Procedure." Company video, 30 June 2026. [^nlsummer2025]: `statement` Neuralink. "Neuralink Update, Summer 2025." Company presentation video, premiered 27 June 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FASMejN_5gs {The robot figures come from a segment presented by the company's robot mechanical lead, which gives no test data behind them.} [^nlfall2025]: `statement` Neuralink. "Neuralink Overview, Fall 2025." Company video of a recruiting presentation by DJ Seo, published 3 December 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJdgHXyJh7M [^nlrobot2026]: `statement` Neuralink. "Automating Neurosurgery with Robotics." Company video, 29 April 2026, also posted on X. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KO53gwuqZUQ (X: https://x.com/neuralink/status/2049519486688972991) [^nlneals2026]: `statement` Neuralink. Post on X reporting early speech restoration data, 28 October 2026. {Summarizes an abstract presented at the 2026 Northeast ALS Consortium meeting and printed in a Muscle and Nerve proceedings supplement, not a full peer-reviewed paper.}[^nlneals2026]: `statement` Neuralink. Post on X reporting early speech restoration data, 28 October 2026. {Summarizes an abstract presented at the 2026 Northeast ALS Consortium meeting and printed in a Muscle and Nerve proceedings supplement, not a full peer-reviewed paper.} removed, struck through added, underlinedLine numbers count the serialised markdown of each revision, frontmatter included.
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